Title: Exam 2B Chapters 6, 7 (& prelude), 8, & 9
Course: PSYC 301 Statistical Methods in Psychol > Section: Second Part of Course

Q: The Law of Total Probability tells us that _______
- the sum of all elementary event probabilities is 1.
- we must have a total probability to make inferences.
- the probability of all elementary events is equal.
- the sample space is always partly empty.
A: the sum of all elementary event probabilities is 1.

Q: At the most basic level, calculating a probability is defined as _____
- the number of events that fit a requirement divided by the total number of events that could occur.
- the number of events that fit a requirement.
- the sum of all the elementary events.
A: the number of events that fit a requirement divided by the total number of events that could occur.

Q: When we allow the data to help us test a hypothesis of how the world works we are _________
- using statistical inference.
- making assumptions about the data.
- being misled by randomness.
- utilizing controversy.
A: using statistical inference.

Q: Select from below all the characteristics that are associated with a standard normal distribution. Select all the correct responses.
- standard deviation = 1
- mean = 0
- symmetrical distribution that is 'bell shaped'
- smooth continuous curve
A: standard deviation = 1; mean = 0; symmetrical distribution that is 'bell shaped'; smooth continuous curve

Q: A probability distribution is ______
- a graph or table that indicates the elementary events and the probability of each.
- a graph or table that shows the variability of outcomes.
- a graph or table that shows strict categories for outcomes.
A: a graph or table that indicates the elementary events and the probability of each.

Q: \(P( \neg A) =\)_______
- 1 – P(A)
- P(A)
- 1 ÷ P(A)
A: 1 – P(A)

Q: What is meant by the Bayesian perspective on probability?
- Our judgement of the chances of an event happening..
- Over the long run of many trials will fit a certain frequency out of all the observations.
- A histogram with bars that show the frequency of each observation.
- A pattern of recorded trials placed in a grid.
A: Our judgement of the chances of an event happening..

Q: What is meant by the frequentist perspective on probability?
- Over the long run of many trials will fit a certain frequency out of all the observations.
- Our judgement of the chances of an event happening..
- A histogram with bars that show the frequency of each observation.
- A pattern of recorded trials placed in a grid.
A: Over the long run of many trials will fit a certain frequency out of all the observations.

Q: Which of the below are situations for which a binomial probability calculation could be applied? Select all that are correct.
- The probability of 5 cards out of the first 10 dealt being of the Heart suit.
- The correlation of forgetfulness with persons' age.
- The probability of getting all 10 questions correct on a 10 True/False question quiz.
- The probability of you finishing this exam in 10 or more minutes.
A: The probability of 5 cards out of the first 10 dealt being of the Heart suit.; The probability of getting all 10 questions correct on a 10 True/False question quiz.

Q: When we use sample data to infer the population parameters we are engaged in statistical ______
- estimation.
- approximation.
- processing.
- hypothesis testing.
A: estimation.

Q: The standard error of the mean is _______
- the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means
- the mean of the sampling distribution of standard deviations.
- rate of mistakes made in decisions made in the statistical procedure.
A: the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means

Q: The reason we are interested in sampling distributions of means is ________
- we are usually comparing the mean of a sample to some hypothesized value, rather than an individual's score.
- the sampling distribution of means is connected to the unknown sample qualities.
- the sampling distribution is the same for all hypothesis testing.
A: we are usually comparing the mean of a sample to some hypothesized value, rather than an individual's score.

Q: To get more precise estimates of a population parameter, it is better to have a _______ sample compared to a ______sample.
- large; small
- positive skewed; negative skewed
- repeated; clarified
A: large; small

Q: What is the distinction between a parameter and a statistic?
- A statistic is a characteristic of a sample while a parameter is a characteristic of a population.
- A statistic cannot be calculated whereas a parameter can be calculated.
- The parameter is a Bayesian concept while a statistic is a frequentist concept.
- A parameter is used to calculate the value of a statistic.
A: A statistic is a characteristic of a sample while a parameter is a characteristic of a population.

Q: Tabulation of a variable means we invoke the application's function that results in _______
- a list of all observed values with the number of observations.
- the count of the number of variables in the data set.
- a list of all the null hypothesis values that can be tested.
- calculation of the distance each value is from the mean.
A: (a choice with no text)

Q: We compare our study's data to _________
- the sampling distribution of the test statistic based on the null hypothesis.
- the population distribution of the test statistic based on the null hypothesis.
- the sampling distribution of the test statistic based on the alternative hypothesis.
- the population distribution of the test statistic based on the alternative hypothesis
A: the sampling distribution of the test statistic based on the null hypothesis.

Q: The word null in the term null hypothesis means _______
- nothing going on, no relationship between the variables.
- the relationship in the scientific hypothesis is true.
- a vaguely defined relationship.
A: nothing going on, no relationship between the variables.

Q: If we have rejected the null hypothesis, it means ________
- we have found support for our research hypothesis.
- we have failed to find support for our research hypothesis.
- we have to redesign our study.
- we need to gather more data.
A: we have found support for our research hypothesis.

Q: The process of hypothesis testing by which it provides support for the research hypothesis is to _______.
- show the null hypothesis is probably false.
- to show the null hypothesis is probably true.
- to show the alternative hypothesis is probably false.
A: show the null hypothesis is probably false.

Q: A research hypothesis is converted directly into the _________ for use in hypothesis testing.
- alternative hypothesis
- null hypothesis
- basic hypothesis
- ontological hypothesis
A: alternative hypothesis

Q: The statement that describes the relationship between variables in an attempt to explain how the world works is called ______.
- a research hypothesis.
- a statistical hypothesis.
- a null hypothesis.
- a clarifying assumption.
A: a research hypothesis.

Q: What is the conventional probability used for \(\alpha\), the probability we need to be at or lower than for us to reject a null hypothesis?
- 0.05
- 0.50
- 0.10
- 5.00
A: 0.05