Title: Exam 2A Chapters 6, 7(and prelude), 8, 9
Course: PSYC 301 Statistical Methods in Psychol > Section: Second Part of Course

Q: Statistical inference means ____________
- learning from the data.
- doing statistical design.
- assuming facts.
- tracing the history of data.
A: learning from the data.

Q: When we use an informed judgement about the likelihood of an event happening we are engaged in ______________ probability thinking rather than _____________ probability thinking.
- Bayesian; frequentist
- frequentist; Bayesian
- inferential; canonical
- canonical; inferential
A: Bayesian; frequentist

Q: For any situation that has multiple outcomes, the sum of the probabilities of all the possible outcomes equals _______.
- 1.
- infinity.
- an unknowable amount.
- one divided by the number of possible events.
A: 1.

Q: A probability of randomly picking an FSU student who is a sophomore equals ______
- the number of FSU sophomores divided by the total number of FSU students.
- the number of FSU sophomores multiplied by the proportion who are students.
- the sophomores students at FSU who are attending classes.
- the number of students at FSU divided by the proportion who are sophomores.
A: the number of FSU sophomores divided by the total number of FSU students.

Q: A probability distribution is ______
- a graph or table that indicates the elementary events and the probability of each.
- a graph or table that shows the variability of outcomes.
- a graph or table that shows strict categories for outcomes.
A: a graph or table that indicates the elementary events and the probability of each.

Q: What does 'binomial' mean?
- 'Two names' indicating there are two outcomes that can happen in each trial.
- 'Doubled outcome' indicating there are two tails to the probability distribution.
- 'Balanced events' indicating the probability for events is equal.
A: 'Two names' indicating there are two outcomes that can happen in each trial.

Q: Select from below all the characteristics that are associated with a standard normal distribution.

Select all that are correct responses and avoid those that are incorrect responses.
- standard deviation = 1
- mean = 0
- symmetrical distribution that is 'bell shaped'
- smooth continuous curve
A: standard deviation = 1; mean = 0; symmetrical distribution that is 'bell shaped'; smooth continuous curve

Q: Which statistical perspective has dominated our approaches for the last 100 years?
- frequentist
- Bayesian
- canonical
- inferential
A: frequentist

Q: In statistics, estimation is referring to ______
- the use of sample data to infer population parameters.
- making a guess at a statistical value.
- understanding the relationship between samples.
A: the use of sample data to infer population parameters.

Q: Which of the following is most likely to provide a good random sample of 30 students that is representative of the population of FSU Psychology Students?
- Randomly pick based on the last two digits of their student number.
- Selecting one student at random then asking that student to give us the name of another, continuing like that to get 30.
- Finding a class of 30 students and using all that are in that class.
A: Randomly pick based on the last two digits of their student number.

Q: A sample's _______ is used to infer the population's _______.
- statistic; parameter
- choice; options
- variability; probability
- detectability; precision
A: statistic; parameter

Q: The standard error is calculated ________
- the standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the sample size.
- the square root of the standard deviation of the population divided by the sample size.
- the square root of the sample size.
- the square root of the standard deviation.
A: the standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the sample size.

Q: The sampling distribution of the means  ___________.

Select all that are correct responses and avoid those that are incorrect responses.
- is a distribution of the values of means from a large number of samples of a specific size.
- has a smaller standard deviation than the population that was sampled.
- tends to have a more normal distribution than the distribution of the population that was sampled.
- has a smaller mean than the population from that was sampled.
A: is a distribution of the values of means from a large number of samples of a specific size.; has a smaller standard deviation than the population that was sampled.; tends to have a more normal distribution than the distribution of the population that was sampled.

Q: Which of the following requires a change to the equation for the statistic so that the sample data can be used to calculate an unbiased estimator of the population parameter?
- standard deviation
- mean
- median
- z-score
A: standard deviation

Q: What do we mean by the word 'biased' when talking about statistical estimation?
- A tendency for the mathematics to, on average, lead to a too small or too large value than it should.
- A tendency for the procedures to lead to damaging thinking about groups of people.
- A tendency for scientists to not respect the equality of persons with various backgrounds and ethnicities.
- A tendency for the mathematics to occasionally produce the same value.
A: A tendency for the mathematics to, on average, lead to a too small or too large value than it should.

Q: What is a research hypothesis?
- A statement about how the world works in the form of a relationship between variables.
- A perspective on the operational definitions of variables.
- A clarifying concept that probabilities.
A: A statement about how the world works in the form of a relationship between variables.

Q: A research hypothesis is converted directly into the _________ for use in hypothesis testing.
- alternative hypothesis
- null hypothesis
- basic hypothesis
- continuing hypothesis
A: alternative hypothesis

Q: The process of hypothesis testing by which it provides support for the research hypothesis is to _______.
- show the null hypothesis is probably false.
- to show the null hypothesis is probably true.
- to show the alternative hypothesis is probably false.
A: show the null hypothesis is probably false.

Q: The word null in the term null hypothesis means _______
- nothing going on, no relationship between the variables.
- the relationship in the scientific hypothesis is true.
- a vaguely defined relationship.
A: nothing going on, no relationship between the variables.

Q: A Type I error is ________
- deciding to reject an actually true null hypothesis.
- deciding to retain an actually true null hypothesis.
- deciding to reject an actually true alternative hypothesis.
- deciding to retain an actually true alternative hypothesis.
A: deciding to reject an actually true null hypothesis.

Q: The statistical distribution used for our decision making is _______________
- sampling distribution based on the null hypothesis.
- sampling distribution based on the alternative hypothesis.
- population distribution based on the null hypothesis.
- population distribution based on the alternative hypothesis.
A: sampling distribution based on the null hypothesis.

Q: If the p-value we obtain is .05 or less, what is our decision (assuming we have set \(\alpha\) =.05)?
- Reject the null hypothesis.
- Retain the null hypothesis.
- Reject the alternative hypothesis.
- Retain the alternative hypothesis.
A: Reject the null hypothesis.

Q: For us to find support for our research hypothesis, what decision are we hoping to get in our null hypothesis testing process?
- Reject the null hypothesis.
- Retain the null hypothesis.
- Reject the alternative hypothesis.
A: Reject the null hypothesis.

Q: A contingency table (also called cross-tabulation) is created when  ________
- the output lists the number of observations of each combination of levels of two or more variables.
- the data is sorted to show values from most frequently observed to least.
- the statistical application determines the point where two variables' values cross.
- the means of two variables are compared to determine which is larger.
A: the output lists the number of observations of each combination of levels of two or more variables.

Q: Which of the below are typical reasons for recoding or transforming a variable?

Select all that are correct responses and avoid those that are incorrect responses.
- To have the variable better fit the assumptions of the statistical procedure to be used.
- To improve the way the variable describes the measured phenomenon.
- To more closely align the variable with the population mean.
- To determine the harmonics of the variable.
A: To have the variable better fit the assumptions of the statistical procedure to be used.; To improve the way the variable describes the measured phenomenon.