Title: Exam 1B Chs 1 - 5
Course: PSYC 301 Statistical Methods in Psychol > Section: First Part of Course

Q: Fundamentally, what does Simpson's Paradox show us?
- Adding a new variable can lead to opposite conclusions.
- Statistical analysis should not be trusted.
- Internal validity is difficult to create in a study.
- External validity is difficult to achieve in a study.
A: Adding a new variable can lead to opposite conclusions.

Q: Why is statistics such a commonly used tool in psychological research?
- We measure things that have high variability and statistics handles that problem.
- It is very convincing to uneducated people.
- Statistics is the foundation of logical thought.
- Because it is the tool used in the past, it must be used in the future to be able to compare findings.
A: We measure things that have high variability and statistics handles that problem.

Q: Select from below all the responses that are correct.

Select the characteristics of interval scaled data.
- naming of values
- ranking
- zero means a quantity that is 'nothing'
- differences between scores have the same meaning across the scale
A: naming of values; ranking; differences between scores have the same meaning across the scale

Q: What is meant by the research term, operationalization?
- The specification of how exactly a variable will be measured.
- A research project's timing of steps.
- The inherent vagueness of meaning for a variable.
- A framework for understanding a psychological principle.
A: The specification of how exactly a variable will be measured.

Q: According to the book, a(n) __________is the same as what we learned in 201 as the independent variable and a(n) _________ is the same as what we learned in 201 as the dependent variable.
- predictor; outcome
- outcome; predictor
- extraneous; confounding
- confounding; extraneous
A: predictor; outcome

Q: Which of the below describes inter-rater reliability?
- The same persons are measured at two different times, then their scores are compared.
- The same persons are measured using two different versions, which are then compared.
- Two observers of the persons give their independent measures, which are then compared.
- Individual item scores are compared to the total score of the scale.
A: Two observers of the persons give their independent measures, which are then compared.

Q: Select from below all the responses that are correct.

Select the characteristics of nominal scaled data.
- naming of values
- ranking
- zero means a quantity that is 'nothing'
- differences between scores have the same meaning across the scale
A: naming of values

Q: What concept are we trying to capture with measures of variability?
- the degree of spread of the data distribution
- the center of the data
- if the mean can be trusted
A: the degree of spread of the data distribution

Q: Why is it better to use computer software than to work by hand. Select all that are correct.
- Computers calculate much faster
- Computers calculate more accurately
- Computers replaced people who did the job
- Computers are easy to use
A: Computers calculate much faster; Computers calculate more accurately

Q: Which of the following are true of jamovi. Select all that are correct.
- Zero cost in money
- Can be installed on nearly any laptop or desktop computer
- Based on an excellent statistical program called R
- Provides output that changes instantly
A: Zero cost in money; Can be installed on nearly any laptop or desktop computer; Based on an excellent statistical program called R; Provides output that changes instantly

Q: What type of validity describes the degree to which our measurement process actually is measuring what we intend for it to measure?
- Construct Validity
- Composite Validity
- External Validity
- Transactional Validity
A: Construct Validity

Q: What is the basic reason we calculate descriptive statistics?
- They summarize data in a simple and compact way
- We can easily write descriptive sentences and paragraphs about the data
- They are calculation methods that are simple to apply to the data
- We obtain values associated with important concepts that describe a distribution of data
A: They summarize data in a simple and compact way; We obtain values associated with important concepts that describe a distribution of data

Q: What is one of the best ways to ensure we get a representative sample, therefore good external validity with respect to the population we are studying?
- Random Assignment
- Random Selection
- Outcome Assignment
- Outcome Selection
A: Random Selection

Q: When your data has one value that is very much different from the remainder of the distribution of data, what is the best measure of central tendency?
- Median
- Mean
- Mode
A: Median

Q: Kurtosis refers to what characteristics of a distribution of data?
- how flat the distribution is compared to a normal curve
- the suitability of the measuring scale for use of certain statistical calculations
- the degree of use of the entire range of possible values for a measuring system
A: how flat the distribution is compared to a normal curve

Q: This question asks you to think about the structure of the equation for calculating the standard deviation and thinking about what happens if the data changes.

Imagine a data set for which I've already calculated a mean of 10.00 and a standard deviation of 3.00. Imagine further that I add one more value to the data set which happens to have a value of 10.00. Will a new standard deviation calculated from the revised data set be larger, smaller, or the same as the previous standard deviation of 3.00?
- smaller
- the same
- larger
A: smaller

Q: Which of the terms below accurately applies to the distribution below?
- positive skew
- negative skew
- no skew
A: negative skew

Q: What is the difference between standard deviation and variance?
- the standard deviation is the square root of variance
- the standard deviation is more precise than the variance
- the standard deviation takes into account the mean while the variance takes into account the median
A: the standard deviation is the square root of variance

Q: This question asks you to think about the structure of the equation for calculating the mean and thinking about what happens if the data changes.

Imagine a data set for which I've already calculated a mean of 10.00. Imagine further that I add one more value to the data set which happens to have a value of 10.00. Will a new mean calculated from the revised data set be larger, smaller, or the same as the previous mean of 10?
- the same
- larger
- smaller
A: the same

Q: Which of the following are true of bar graphs and histograms, individually and in comparison to each other? Select all that are correct.
- Bar Graphs are for ordinal and nominal data
- Histograms are for ratio and interval data
- Histograms have space between the bars
- Bar Graphs have no space between the bars
- Height of bars represents the density or frequency of observations
- The width of bars in bar graphs represents the modal response
A: Bar Graphs are for ordinal and nominal data; Histograms are for ratio and interval data; Height of bars represents the density or frequency of observations

Q: Suppose a research report had the following sentence, "Research assistants used a random draw to assign participants to one of the three films that created the Film conditions for the study: 1930s Comedy, 1950s Biblical Epic, 1960s Spaghetti Western."

The word Film indicates the variable name while the three conditions describing movie eras and styles indicates the ________ of the variable.
- levels
- ranges
- perspectives
- choice
A: levels

Q: Florence Nightengale's Coxcomb is a deceptive method of presenting data in a similar way as pie charts. Which of the below explains why this is a deceptive characteristic?
- The increase in magnitude presented is perceived to increase in area forming a stronger mental impression.
- The wedges are difficult to compare one to the next.
- Readability is deceptively enhanced by the text written in the expanded open space, implying greater meaning.
- The graphic appears similar to a land map confusing the reader.
A: The increase in magnitude presented is perceived to increase in area forming a stronger mental impression.

Q: Which of the below are the goals for graphical presentation of data? Select all that are correct.
- Clear communication of data
- Accurate depiction of data
- It is a more formal way to present data
- Facilitates coordination of presentation in teams
A: Clear communication of data; Accurate depiction of data

Q: John Snow's use of a _______ was convincing to the local council that a particular pump was responsible for the spread of disease.
- map of London streets showing each death and pump locations.
- bar graphs showing the number of deaths within 1/2 mile of each pump.
- use of a coxcomb graph to demonstrate the increase in deaths near one particular pump.
- map of London streets showing the times of maximum use of each pump.
A: map of London streets showing each death and pump locations.