Hood College

Permanent URI for this community

http://hdl.handle.net/11603/4380

Hood College Scholarship @ MD-SOAR is an open repository of the scholarly work created by members of the Hood community.

Browse

Browsing Hood College by Issue Date

Filter results by year or month
Now showing 1 - 20 of 546
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    PREDICTING EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON NON-TARGET ORGANISMS
    (Hood College, 1974-05) Akerman, James; Hood College Biology; Hood College Biology
    Prior to World War II, pesticides were non-persistent, usually derived from natural organics, such as pyrethrins and nicotine sulfate. Today a wide range of organic and inorganic pesticides-- fungicides, insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides, fumigants, and bactericides--is produced by over 800 companies. These pes ticides are applied to farm, forest, pond, marsh, rangeland, gar den and lawn. Pesticide residues are found in every major river system in the country. The major pesticidal concern in the United States has been in the area of human safety as related to pesticide residues in foods. Only within the past decade has serious attention been focused on the effects of pesticides on wildlife and other ele ments of the environment. Elements of the environment, not in tended to be controlled by a given pesticide application, are referred to as non-target organisms. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the responsi bility of registering pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).1 The Administrator of the agency registers a pesticide after he determines that, when con sidered with restrictions, it will perform its intended effect on the environment and when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practices it will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. The term "unreasonable adverse effect" is defined in the Act to require a balancing of the risks and benefits which would accrue through the use of a pesticide, including economic, social, and environ mental costs. Trends indicate that the use of pesticides will continue to increase in the immediate future. The present and future hazards associated with the use of pesticides are real. Determination of the probable impact of pesticides must include careful assessments of the factors contributing to environmental hazard. Questions are often raised when biologists attempt to extrapolate from labo ratory studies, but a prediction of the consequences or hazards associated with the use of a pesticide must be made in advance of the introduction into the environment. Predicting effects of pesticides on non-target organisms is difficult. This paper will consider the important factors and data bases necessary for predicting the effects of pesticides on non target species. A model for predicting effects will be con structed after first determining the significant factors involved in the fate and movement of pesticides in the environment and the toxicological characteristics and impact of pesticides on the various components of the environment. Under FIFRA, the laboratory data used to determine the ecological impact of pesti cides are required to be furnished by the company desiring to register. Consequently, the model must utilize such data. In this paper the factors that influence the fate and move ment of pesticides in the environment will be determined. Data on the major agricultural crops, including acreage and geographi cal distribution, will provide the mechanisms for estimating po tential pesticide usage and distribution. Toxicological studies that are relevant to making extrapolations and predictions will be identified, including appropriate laboratory indicator or ganisms. These will include acute, subacute, chronic, and repro duction studies with birds, mammals, fish, and invertebrates. The limitations to extrapolation from laboratory studies to field situations will be identified and alternative methods for evaluation under specific circumstances will be suggested. This model will provide information on the expected environ mental behavior of a pesticide. We can no longer afford to learn about adverse effects of a new pesticide through a decade of use.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Civil War and Its Effects on Baltimore City
    (1977) Black, Darlene; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Greater Eltonhead Manor and Rousby Hall 1649-1812
    (1977-05) McFadden, Anne; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    History and Participation of Baltimore Through the Revolutionary War 1760-1790
    (1977-05) Cameron, Lianne; Cameron, Lianne; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Western Maryland Railway 100 Years In Hagerstown
    (1977-05-07) Schlotterbeck, Judy; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Civil War Ransom of Frederick City, Maryland
    (1977-05-10) Smith, Leesa; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Jesuits in Frederick City From the 1830s Through the 1850s
    (1977-05-11) Paulhamus, Cate; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    John Brown and Harper's Ferry
    (1977-05-13) Boyle, Stephanie; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Aspects of Slavery in Maryland (From Its Beginning to Before the Civil War)
    (1977-05-13) Anderson, Margherita; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Some Notes and Observations About Howard County, Maryland During the Period of the War Between the States
    (1977-05-13) Ives, Diane; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Riggs' Cottage Sanitarium for Nervous and Mental Diseases
    (1977-05-13) Bohn, Suzanne; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Friendship Farm
    (1977-05-13) Anderson, Elizabeth; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Twilight of a Civilization
    (1977-05-16) Reardon, Rosemary; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The History of Black Education in Washington County, Maryland
    (1977-05-16) Durand, Karen; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Development of Businesses and Schools in Burkittsvile, MD During the Nineteenth Century
    (1977-05-17) Winslow, Mary; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Glass Family of Unionville, Maryland
    (1977-05-18) Loper, Pat; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Frederick Female Seminary
    (1978) Heldoorn, Patricia; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Labor in Maryland: 1870-1920
    (1978) Onie, Bonnie; Hood College History; History Seminar
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Slavery in Washington County Maryland
    (1978) Jacobs, Gary; Hood College History; History Seminar

Submitting your work to Hood College Scholarship @ MD-SOAR grants us a non-exclusive right to preserve the work and make it available on the web. You retain all of your copyrights to your work.

You may have the right to submit previously published work to Hood College Scholarship @ MD-SOAR if you retained the copyright to your work. It is your responsibility to ensure that you have the right to upload your work to Hood College Scholarship @ MD-SOAR.

Hood College, at its sole discretion, reserves the right to remove or reject an item from the repository.