Volcano infrasound: progress and future directions
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Date
2022-04-05
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Citation of Original Publication
Watson, L.M., Iezzi, A.M., Toney, L. et al. Volcano infrasound: progress and future directions. Bull Volcanol 84, 44 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01544-w
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This work was written as part of one of the author's official duties as an Employee of the United States Government and is therefore a work of the United States Government. In accordance with 17 U.S.C. 105, no copyright protection is available for such works under U.S. Law.
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Abstract
Over the past two decades (2000–2020), volcano infrasound (acoustic waves with frequencies less than 20 Hz propagating in the atmosphere) has evolved from an area of academic research to a useful monitoring tool. As a result, infrasound
is routinely used by volcano observatories around the world to detect, locate, and characterize volcanic activity. It is particularly useful in confrming subaerial activity and monitoring remote eruptions, and it has shown promise in forecasting
paroxysmal activity at open-vent systems. Fundamental research on volcano infrasound is providing substantial new insights
on eruption dynamics and volcanic processes and will continue to do so over the next decade. The increased availability of
infrasound sensors will expand observations of varied eruption styles, and the associated increase in data volume will make
machine learning workfows more feasible. More sophisticated modeling will be applied to examine infrasound source and
propagation efects from local to global distances, leading to improved infrasound-derived estimates of eruption properties.
Future work will use infrasound to detect, locate, and characterize moving fows, such as pyroclastic density currents, lahars,
rockfalls, lava fows, and avalanches. Infrasound observations will be further integrated with other data streams, such as
seismic, ground- and satellite-based thermal and visual imagery, geodetic, lightning, and gas data. The volcano infrasound
community should continue eforts to make data and codes accessible and to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion in the
feld. In summary, the next decade of volcano infrasound research will continue to advance our understanding of complex
volcano processes through increased data availability, sensor technologies, enhanced modeling capabilities, and novel data
analysis methods that will improve hazard detection and mitigation.