Tan, WenkaiRenkhoff, JustusVelasquez, AlvaroWang, ZiyuLi, LusiWang, JianNiu, ShutengYang, FanLiu, YongxinSong, Houbing2023-04-062023-04-062023-03-09https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.06151http://hdl.handle.net/11603/27431Deep Learning (DL) and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are widely used in various domains. However, adversarial attacks can easily mislead a neural network and lead to wrong decisions. Defense mechanisms are highly preferred in safetycritical applications. In this paper, firstly, we use the gradient class activation map (GradCAM) to analyze the behavior deviation of the VGG-16 network when its inputs are mixed with adversarial perturbation or Gaussian noise. In particular, our method can locate vulnerable layers that are sensitive to adversarial perturbation and Gaussian noise. We also show that the behavior deviation of vulnerable layers can be used to detect adversarial examples. Secondly, we propose a novel NoiseCAM algorithm that integrates information from globally and pixellevel weighted class activation maps. Our algorithm is highly sensitive to adversarial perturbations and will not respond to Gaussian random noise mixed in the inputs. Third, we compare detecting adversarial examples using both behavior deviation and NoiseCAM, and we show that NoiseCAM outperforms behavior deviation modeling in its overall performance. Our work could provide a useful tool to defend against certain types of adversarial attacks on deep neural networks.8 pagesen-USThis item is likely protected under Title 17 of the U.S. Copyright Law. Unless on a Creative Commons license, for uses protected by Copyright Law, contact the copyright holder or the author."CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/Text