Alford, J. A. J.Younes, G. A.Wadiasingh, Z.Abdelmaguid, M.Valverde, J.et al.2023-11-282023-11-282023-11-08https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.04739http://hdl.handle.net/11603/30900Authors: J. A. J. Alford, G. A. Younes, Z. Wadiasingh, M. Abdelmaguid, H. An, M. Bachetti, M. Baring, A. Beloborodov, A. Y. Chen, T. Enoto, J. A. García, J. D. Gelfand, E. V. Gotthelf, A. Harding, C.-P. Hu, A.D. Jaodand, V. Kaspi, C. Kim, C. Kouveliotou, L. Kuiper, K. Mori, M. Nynka, J. Park, D. Stern, J. Valverde, D. WaltonThe hard X-ray emission from magnetars and other isolated neutron stars remains under-explored. An instrument with higher sensitivity to hard X-rays is critical to understanding the physics of neutron star magnetospheres and also the relationship between magnetars and Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). High sensitivity to hard X-rays is required to determine the number of magnetars with hard X-ray tails, and to track transient non-thermal emission from these sources for years post-outburst. This sensitivity would also enable previously impossible studies of the faint non-thermal emission from middle-aged rotation-powered pulsars (RPPs), and detailed phase-resolved spectroscopic studies of younger, bright RPPs. The High Energy X-ray Probe (HEX-P) is a probe-class mission concept that will combine high spatial resolution X-ray imaging (< 5 arcsec half-power diameter (HPD) at 0.2–25 keV) and broad spectral coverage (0.2–80 keV) with a sensitivity superior to current facilities (including XMM-Newton and NuSTAR). HEX-P has the required timing resolution to perform follow-up observations of sources identified by other facilities and positively identify candidate pulsating neutron stars. Here we discuss how HEX-P is ideally suited to address important questions about the physics of magnetars and other isolated neutron stars.22 pagesen-USThis work was written as part of one of the author's official duties as an Employee of the United States Government and is therefore a work of the United States Government. In accordance with 17 U.S.C. 105, no copyright protection is available for such works under U.S. Law.Public Domain Mark 1.0https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/Text