Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in Outburst

Abstract

We present the timing and spectral analyses of the NICER, NuSTAR, and IXPE observations of the magnetar 1E 1841-045 covering 82 days following its August 2024 bursting activity as well as radio observations utilizing MeerKAT and Effelsberg. We supplement our study with a historical NuSTAR and all 2024 pre-outburst NICER observations. The outburst is marked by an X-ray flux enhancement of a factor 1.6 compared to the historical level, predominantly driven by a newly-formed non-thermal emitting component with a photon index Γ=1.5. This flux showed a 20% decay at the end of our monitoring campaign. The radio monitoring did not reveal any pulsed radio emission with an upper-limit of 20 mJy and 50 mJy ms on the mean flux density and single pulse fluence, respectively. We detect a spin-up glitch at outburst onset with a Δν=6.1×10⁻⁸ Hz and a Δν˙=−1.4×10⁻¹ Hz s⁻¹⁴, consistent with the near-universality of this behavior among the continuously-monitored magnetars. Most intriguingly, the 1E 1841-045 2-10 keV pulse profile is markedly different compared to pre-outburst; it shows a new, narrow (0.1 cycles) peak that appears to shift towards merging with the main, persistently-present, pulse. This is the second case of pulse-peak migration observed in magnetars after SGR 1830−0645, and the two sources exhibit a similar rate of phase shift. This implies that this phenomenon is not unique and might present itself in the broader population. The newly-formed peak for 1E 1841-045 is non-thermal, with emission extending to ≳20 keV, in contrast to the case of SGR 1830−0645. Our results are consistent with an untwisting magnetic field bundle with migration towards the magnetic pole, perhaps accompanied by plastic motion of the crust.