The Extreme Solar and Geomagnetic Storms on 20-25 March 1940

Simple item page
dc.contributor.authorHayakawa, Hisashi
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Denny
dc.contributor.authorShea, Margaret A.
dc.contributor.authorSmart, Don F.
dc.contributor.authorBlake, Seán P.
dc.contributor.authorHattori, Kentaro
dc.contributor.authorBhaska, Ankush T.
dc.contributor.authorCurto, Juan J.
dc.contributor.authorFranco, Daniel R.
dc.contributor.authorEbihara, Yusuke
dc.date.accessioned2022-01-21T19:45:11Z
dc.date.available2022-01-21T19:45:11Z
dc.date.issued2021-12-13
dc.descriptionThis is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.en_US
dc.description.abstractIn late March 1940, at least five significant solar flares were reported. They likely launched interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), and were associated with one of the largest storm sudden commencements (SSCs) since the year 1868, resulting in space weather hazards that today would have significant societal impacts. The initial solar activity is associated with a short geomagnetic storm and a notable SSC. Afterward, the third flare was reported in the eastern solar quadrant (N12 E37-38) at 11:30–12:30 UT on 23 March, with significant magnetic crochets (up to ≈ |80| nT at Eskdalemuir) during 11:07–11:40 UT. On their basis, we estimate the required energy flux of the source flare as X35±1 in soft X-ray class. The resultant ICMEs caused enormous SSCs (up to > 425 nT recorded at Tucson) and allowed us to estimate an extremely inward magnetopause position (estimated magnetopause standoff position ≈ 3.4 RE). The time series of the resultant geomagnetic storm is reconstructed using a Dst estimate, which peaked at 20 UT on 24 March at ≈ −389 nT. Around the storm main phase, the equatorial boundary of the auroral oval extended ≤ 46.3° at invariant latitudes. This sequence also caused a solar proton event and Forbush decrease (≈ 3%). These sequences indicate pileups of multiple ICMEs, which even achieved a record value of inward magnetopause position. Our analyses of this historical pioneer event bring more insights into possible serious space weather hazards and provide a quantitative basis for future analyses and predictions.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipWe thank Ciaran D. Beggan, Eliot Eaton, and Eleanor Maume for providing BGS magnetogram data and advice on their interpretations, Kosuke Fukuda, Panayiota Chrysikopoulou, and Ioannis A. Daglis for their help for interpretation of the Greek newspapers, Toshihiko Iyemori for his advice on the interpretation of SJG data, Ian Richardson for helpful comments on the rigidity dependence of Forbush decreases, and Raysa Magalhães Rocha for her advice on the VSS data. HH thanks financial supports of JSPS Grant-in-Aids JP15H05812, JP18H01254, JP20K20918, and JP20H05643, JSPS Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers, the 2020 YLC collaborating research fund, and the research grants for Mission Research on Sustainable Humanosphere from Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) of Kyoto University and the ISEE director‘s leadership fund for FY2021 and Young Leader Cultivation (YLC) program of Nagoya University. DMO acknowledges financial support provided by the NASA Space Weather Science Applicarions Operations 2 Research program (grant # 20-SWO2R20-2-0014). DRF thanks research funding agency FAPERJ for the grant # E-26/203.302/2017. SPB thanks NASA‘s Living With a Star program (17-LWS17_2- 0042). AB thanks the DST-INSPIRE Faculty fellowship, Department Of Science & Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stab3615/6460501 by UMBC user on 21 January 2022 ORIGINAL UNEDITED MANUSCRIPT Technology, Gov. of India. HH has been benefited from discussions within the ISSI International Team #510 (SEESUP Solar Extreme Events: Setting Up a Paradigm) and ISWAT-COSPAR S1-02 team. We thank Mt. Wilson Observatory for providing sunspot drawings on 23 March 1940, WDC for Geomagnetism at Edinburgh for providing geomagnetic baselines and British magnetograms, WDC for Geomagnetism at Kyoto for providing the Dst index and magnetic measurements at Hermanus, San Juan, Honolulu, and Watheroo, Kakioka Event Database for providing data on the SSC and magnetic storms observed in the said observatory, the Service of Rapid Magnetic Variations (SRMV) held by Ebro Observatory for elaborating and maintaining SFE and SSC lists, WDC SILSO for providing international sunspot numbers, and Solar Science Observatory of the NAOJ for providing copies of Quarterly Bulletin on Solar Activity. Magnetograms were digitised using the WebPlotDigitizer software (https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer/).en_US
dc.format.extent41 pagesen_US
dc.genrehttps://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/mnras/stab3615/6460501en_US
dc.identifierdoi:10.13016/m2lzyf-kxk0
dc.identifier.citationHisashi Hayakawa, Denny M Oliveira, Margaret A Shea, Don F Smart, Seán P Blake, Kentaro Hattori, Ankush T Bhaskar, Juan J Curto, Daniel R Franco, Yusuke Ebihara, The Extreme Solar and Geomagnetic Storms on 20-25 March 1940, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021;, stab3615, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3615en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3615
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11603/24054
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherRoyal Astronomical Societyen_US
dc.relation.isAvailableAtThe University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)
dc.relation.ispartofUMBC Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute (GPHI)
dc.rightsThis item is likely protected under Title 17 of the U.S. Copyright Law. Unless on a Creative Commons license, for uses protected by Copyright Law, contact the copyright holder or the author.en_US
dc.titleThe Extreme Solar and Geomagnetic Storms on 20-25 March 1940en_US
dc.typeTexten_US
dcterms.creatorhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-7229en_US
dcterms.isPartOfUMBC Faculty Collection

Files

Original bundle
Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
Thumbnail Image
Name:
stab3615 (1).pdf
Size:
1.37 MB
Format:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Description:
Download
License bundle
Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
No Thumbnail Available
Name:
license.txt
Size:
2.56 KB
Format:
Item-specific license agreed upon to submission
Description:
Download

Collections

UMBC Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute (GPHI)
UMBC Faculty Collection