Opportunistic Experiments to Constrain Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcing

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dc.contributor.authorChristensen, Matthew
dc.contributor.authorGettelman, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorCermak, Jan
dc.contributor.authorDagan, Guy
dc.contributor.authorDiamond, Michael
dc.contributor.authorDouglas, Alyson
dc.contributor.authorFeingold, Graham
dc.contributor.authorGlassmeier, Franziska
dc.contributor.authorGoren, Tom
dc.contributor.authorGrosvenor, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorGryspeerdt, Edward
dc.contributor.authorKahn, Ralph
dc.contributor.authorLi, Zhanqing
dc.contributor.authorMa, Po-Lun
dc.contributor.authorMalavelle, Florent
dc.contributor.authorMcCoy, Isabel
dc.contributor.authorMcCoy, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorMcFarquhar, Greg
dc.contributor.authorMülmenstädt, Johannes
dc.contributor.authorPal, Sandip
dc.contributor.authorPossner, Anna
dc.contributor.authorPovey, Adam
dc.contributor.authorQuaas, Johannes
dc.contributor.authorRosenfeld, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorSchmidt, Anja
dc.contributor.authorSchrödner, Roland
dc.contributor.authorSorooshian, Armin
dc.contributor.authorStier, Philip
dc.contributor.authorToll, Velle
dc.contributor.authorWatson-Parris, Duncan
dc.contributor.authorWood, Robert
dc.contributor.authorYang, Mingxi
dc.contributor.authorYuan, Tianle
dc.date.accessioned2021-09-15T16:52:27Z
dc.date.available2021-09-15T16:52:27Z
dc.date.issued2021-08-20
dc.description.abstractAerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) are considered to be the most uncertain driver of present-day radiative forcing due to human activities. The non-linearity of cloud-state changes to aerosol perturbations make it challenging to attribute causality in observed relationships of aerosol radiative forcing. Using correlations to infer causality can also be challenging when meteorological variability also drives both aerosol and cloud changes independently. Natural and anthropogenic aerosol perturbations from well defined sources provide “opportunistic experiments” (also known as natural experiments) to investigate ACI in cases where causality may be more confidently inferred. These perturbations cover a wide range of locations and spatio-temporal scales, including point sources such as volcanic eruptions or industrial sources, plumes from biomass burning or forest fires, and tracks from individual ships or shipping corridors. We review the different experimental conditions and conduct a synthesis of the available satellite data sets and field campaigns to place these opportunistic experiments on a common footing, facilitating new insights and a clearer understanding of key uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing. Strong liquid water path increases due to aerosol perturbations are largely ruled out by averaging across experiments. Cloud albedo perturbations are strongly sensitive to background meteorological conditions. Opportunistic experiments have significantly improved process level understanding of ACI, but it remains unclear how reliably the relationships found can be scaled to the global level, thus, demonstrating a need for deeper investigation in order to improve assessments of aerosol radiative forcing and climate change.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was partly supported by European Research Council Project constRaining the EffeCts of Aerosols on Precipitation under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program Grant 724602. M.W.C., P.-L.M., and J.M. were supported by the “Enabling Aerosol-cloud interactions at GLobal convection-permitting scalES (EAGLES)” project (74358), funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Earth System Model Development program. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DEAC05-76RL01830. M.Y., M.W.C, D.W.P, and P.S. were supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) project ACRUISE (grant number: NE/S005390/1). V.T. acknowledges support from the Estonian Research Council grant PSG202. M.S.D. was supported in part by NASA headquarters under the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program, grant number NNX-80NSSC17K0404, and in part by the CIRES Visiting Fellows Program that is funded by the NOAA Cooperative Agreement with CIRES, grant number NA17OAR4320101. A.Sorooshian was supported by ONR grant N00014-21-1-2115 and NASA grant 80NSSC19K0442 in support of ACTIVATE, a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-3 (EVS-3) investigation funded by NASA’s Earth Science Division and managed through the Earth System Science Pathfinder Program Office. A. Schmidt acknowledges funding from NERC grants NE/S00436X/1 (V-PLUS), NE/T006897/1 (ADVANCE), and NE/P013406/1 (A-CURE). Z.L. is funded by the US National Science Foundation (AGS1837811) and NASA (80NSSC20K0131). A.Possner is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the "Make our Planet Great Again - German Research Initiative", grant number 57429624, implemented by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). E.G. was supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF/R1/191602). F.G. acknowledges support from The Branco Weiss Fellowship - Society in Science, administered by the ETH Zürich, and from a Veni grant of the Dutch Research Council (NWO). J.Q. acknowledges support from the EU Horizon2020 projects ACACIA (GA 875036) and FORCES (GA 821205). P.S. acknowledges support by the European Research Council (ERC) project constRaining the EffeCts of Aerosols on Precipitation (RECAP) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program with grant agreement 724602 and from the FORCeS project under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research program with grant agreement 821205. R.W. acknowledges support from the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Award NA20OAR4320271). G.F. acknowledges funding from a NOAA Earth’s Radiation Budget grant, NOAA CPO Climate & CI #03-01-07-001. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. A.Povey is funded as part of the Natural Environment Research Council’s support of the National Centre for Earth Observation, contract number PR140015.en_US
dc.description.urihttps://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2021-559/en_US
dc.format.extent2 filesen_US
dc.genrejournal articlesen_US
dc.genrepreprintsen_US
dc.identifierdoi:10.13016/m2w9kv-dyoq
dc.identifier.citationChristensen, Matthew et al.; Opportunistic Experiments to Constrain Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcing; Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20 August, 2021; https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-559en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-559
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11603/22985
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherCopernicus Publicationsen_US
dc.relation.isAvailableAtThe University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)
dc.relation.ispartofUMBC Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology
dc.relation.ispartofUMBC Faculty Collection
dc.rightsThis item is likely protected under Title 17 of the U.S. Copyright Law. Unless on a Creative Commons license, for uses protected by Copyright Law, contact the copyright holder or the author.en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)*
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.titleOpportunistic Experiments to Constrain Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcingen_US
dc.typeTexten_US
dcterms.creatorhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2187-3017

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