Wet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF‐Chem simulations and aircraft observations

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dc.contributor.authorBela, Megan M.
dc.contributor.authorBarth, Mary C.
dc.contributor.authorToon, Owen B.
dc.contributor.authorFried, Alan
dc.contributor.authorHomeyer, Cameron R.
dc.contributor.authorMorrison, Hugh
dc.contributor.authorCummings, Kristin A.
dc.contributor.authorLi, Yunyao
dc.contributor.authorPickering, Kenneth E.
dc.contributor.authorAllen, Dale J.
dc.contributor.authorYang, Qing
dc.contributor.authorWennberg, Paul O.
dc.contributor.authorCrounse, John D.
dc.contributor.authorSt. Clair, Jason
dc.contributor.authorTeng, Alex P.
dc.contributor.authorO'Sullivan, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorHuey, L. Gregory
dc.contributor.authorChen, Dexian
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Xiaoxi
dc.contributor.authorBlake, Donald R.
dc.contributor.authorBlake, Nicola J.
dc.contributor.authorApel, Eric C.
dc.contributor.authorHornbrook, Rebecca S.
dc.contributor.authorFlocke, Frank
dc.contributor.authorCampos, Teresa
dc.contributor.authorDiskin, Glenn
dc.date.accessioned2020-06-16T17:51:34Z
dc.date.available2020-06-16T17:51:34Z
dc.date.issued2016-04-02
dc.description.abstractWe examine wet scavenging of soluble trace gases in storms observed during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. We conduct high‐resolution simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) of a severe storm in Oklahoma. The model represents well the storm location, size, and structure as compared with Next Generation Weather Radar reflectivity, and simulated CO transport is consistent with aircraft observations. Scavenging efficiencies (SEs) between inflow and outflow of soluble species are calculated from aircraft measurements and model simulations. Using a simple wet scavenging scheme, we simulate the SE of each soluble species within the error bars of the observations. The simulated SEs of all species except nitric acid (HNO₃) are highly sensitive to the values specified for the fractions retained in ice when cloud water freezes. To reproduce the observations, we must assume zero ice retention for formaldehyde (CH₂O) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and complete retention for methyl hydrogen peroxide (CH₃OOH) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), likely to compensate for the lack of aqueous chemistry in the model. We then compare scavenging efficiencies among storms that formed in Alabama and northeast Colorado and the Oklahoma storm. Significant differences in SEs are seen among storms and species. More scavenging of HNO₃ and less removal of CH₃OOH are seen in storms with higher maximum flash rates, an indication of more graupel mass. Graupel is associated with mixed‐phase scavenging and lightning production of nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), processes that may explain the observed differences in HNO₃ and CH₃OOH scavenging.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipWe express our appreciation to the following researchers for the aircraft observations: T. Ryerson and the NOAA NOyO3 team; Andrew Weinheimer; Mark Zondlo, Josh Di Gangi, and Anthony O’Brien for the VCSEL hygrometer water vapor measurements on the GV; and P. Lawson and S. Woods from SPECInc. We also thank A. Weinheimer and M. Zondlo for their helpful feedback on this manuscript. M.M. Bela and O.B. Toon were supported by NASAACCDAMNNX14AR56G. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. A. Fried was supported by NSF and NASA under grants AGS-1261559 and NNX12AMO8G,respectively. C. Homeyer was funded by NSF grant AGS-1522910. The University of Maryland co-authors were supported under NSF grants 1063479 and 1522551. Q. Yang was supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy as part of the Atmospheric System Research Program (ASR). P.O. Wennberg, J.D.Crounse, A.P. Teng, and J.M. St. Clair thank NASA for supporting their contribution to this study (NNX12AC06Gand NNX14AP46G-ACCDAM). D.O’Sullivan thanks NSF for support from grant ATM1063467. L.G. Huey, D. Chen,and X. Liu were funded by NASA grant NNX12AB77G. DC3 measurements by N. Blake and D. Blake were supported by NASA award NNX12AB76G. We would like to thank Earth Networks for providing the ENTLN lightning data for research purposes.en_US
dc.description.urihttps://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JD024623en_US
dc.format.extent25 pagesen_US
dc.genrejournal articlesen_US
dc.identifierdoi:10.13016/m2gktn-z1gv
dc.identifier.citationMegan M. Bela et al., Wet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF‐Chem simulations and aircraft observations, JGR Atmospheres Volume 121, Issue 8 Pages 4233-4257 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024623en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024623
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11603/18905
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherAGU Pubicationen_US
dc.relation.isAvailableAtThe University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)
dc.relation.ispartofUMBC Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology
dc.relation.ispartofUMBC Faculty Collection
dc.rightsThis item is likely protected under Title 17 of the U.S. Copyright Law. Unless on a Creative Commons license, for uses protected by Copyright Law, contact the copyright holder or the author.
dc.rightsPublic Domain Mark 1.0*
dc.rightsThis work was written as part of one of the author's official duties as an Employee of the United States Government and is therefore a work of the United States Government. In accordance with 17 U.S.C. 105, no copyright protection is available for such works under U.S. Law.
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/*
dc.titleWet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF‐Chem simulations and aircraft observationsen_US
dc.typeTexten_US

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