Precipitable water vapor retrievals using a ground infrared sky camera in subtropical South America

Abstract

Atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) is a critical quantity in fast-changing weather processes. Current retrieval techniques lack the spatial and/or temporal resolution necessary for a full PWV characterization. Here we investigate a retrieval method using an all-sky ground-based camera comprising a 14-bit 644 × 512-pixel microbolometer sensor array. The radiometrically calibrated infrared downwelling spectral radiance, Lλ, was acquired at rates of up to 3 min⁻¹. For the studied site (23.56∘ S, 46.74∘W; 786 m a.s.l.) and spectral interval, Lλ is sensitive to the PWV; the vertical distribution of humidity; and their temporal, spatial, or seasonal variations. By comparing measured and simulated Lλ, we show that the PWV can be retrieved from prior knowledge of the local humidity profile. This information can originate from radiosonde data or statistical analysis of past vertical humidity distributions. Comparison with sun photometer PWV retrievals, for stable atmospheric conditions, showed an agreement of the average PWV within 2.8 % and a precision of subsequent retrievals of 1.9 %. The PWV was also retrieved as a bi-dimensional array, allowing for the investigation of spatial inhomogeneities of humidity distribution. The method can be used for daytime or nighttime retrievals, under partly cloudy sky conditions. Potential applications include studies on convection initiation processes.