Why do autoencoders work?

Abstract

Deep neural network autoencoders are routinely used computationally for model reduction. They allow recognizing the intrinsic dimension of data that lie in a k-dimensional subset 𝑲 of an input Euclidean space ℝⁿ. The underlying idea is to obtain both an encoding layer that maps ℝⁿ into ℝᵏ (called the bottleneck layer or the space of latent variables) and a decoding layer that maps ℝᵏ back into ℝⁿ, in such a way that the input data from the set 𝑲 is recovered when composing the two maps. This is achieved by adjusting parameters (weights) in the network to minimize the discrepancy between the input and the reconstructed output. Since neural networks (with continuous activation functions) compute continuous maps, the existence of a network that achieves perfect reconstruction would imply that 𝑲 is homeomorphic to a k-dimensional subset of ℝᵏ, so clearly there are topological obstructions to finding such a network. On the other hand, in practice the technique is found to "work" well, which leads one to ask if there is a way to explain this effectiveness. We show that, up to small errors, indeed the method is guaranteed to work. This is done by appealing to certain facts from differential geometry. A computational example is also included to illustrate the ideas.