Optical Tests of Foundations of Quantum Theory

Abstract

From the point of view of classical theory and our everyday experience, quantum phenomena are surprising and the concepts of quantum mechanics are incomprehensible. Since the beginning of quantum theory scientists questioned its very basic concepts, such as locality, reality, and complementarity, and proposed gedankenexperiments, or thought experiments, to probe its foundations. In the light of new optical technology we have been able to realize some of these experiments. This chapter will focus on three of them: (1) EPR-Bohm-Bell correlation and Bell’s inequality; (2) Scully’s quantum eraser; (3) Popper’s experiment. The results of these experiments are very interesting. On one hand, the experimental observations confirm the predictions of EPR-Bell, Scully, and Popper. On the other hand, the calculations from quantum theory perfectly agree with the experimental data. Moreover, apparently, the experimental observations do not lead to any “violations” of the principles of quantum mechanics. One important conclusion we may draw from these optical tests is that all the observations are the results of multi-photon interference: a group of photons interferes with the group itself at distance. The nonlocal multi-photon interference phenomena may never be understood in classical theory, however, it is legitimate in quantum mechanics. The superposition principle of quantum theory supports the superposition of multi-photon amplitudes, whether the photons are entangled or randomly grouped and despite the distances between these individual photodetection events.