Browsing by Subject "Ethics"
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Item An Assessment Of The Drift In Assumptions And Values Of Human Resource Management Scholarship: 1971-2011(2013) Morris, Rosetta; Jacobs, David C.; Business and Management; Doctor of PhilosophyOrganizations in the increasingly competitive global business environment are under pressure to improve the bottom line through the reformulation of human resource management (HRM) practices. Flexibility in employment relationships, job insecurity, stagnant wages, benefit cuts, union prevention strategies, and intensifying work characterize many contemporary enterprises. Against this background, this study seeks to examine developments in HRM scholarship since the 1970s. Specifically, it explores the question: what are the trends with regard to the priority accorded employment security, employee equity, voice, and ethics in the literature at the same time that practitioners more aggressively address economic performance and efficiency. The key is the relative frequencies of articles covering relevant topics. I conduct an analysis of peer-reviewed articles in HRM through a review of abstracts from nine leading management journals, three of which are primarily HRM-focused. These journals serve as a window on the universe of HRM scholarship. I analyze over 5000 articles published in these journals between 1971 and 2011. The findings indicate that issues of employment security, employee equity, voice, and ethics persist in the intellectual development and growth of the HRM discipline. There is no significant difference in the research interest in employment security, employee voice, and ethics over the period of review. However, the evidence is consistent with the hypotheses that (1) research interest in employee equity is declining and (2) research attention to performance is increasing. I make a contribution to the literature that debates the focus and role of HRM scholarship. Using empirical evidence, I establish that HRM scholars continue to engage in a dialogue with practitioners and follow their lead in emphasizing firm performance, possibly at the expense of concern for employee equity.Item Ethical issues across cultures: Managing the differing perspectives of China and the USA(MCB University Press, 1999) Pitta, Dennis A; Fung, Hung-Gay; Isberg, StevenUS marketers know the US standard of ethics. However, that standard can lead to ethical conflict when Americans encounter the emerging market giant, China. As smaller US companies enter China, the potential for ethical conflict increases. Reducing that potential requires knowledge. Knowing the nature and history of the two cultures can lead to an understanding of the foundation of their ethical systems. Ethics and the expectations within cultures affect all business transactions. It is vital for Western marketers to understand the expectations of their counterparts around the world. Understanding the cultural bases for ethical behavior in both the USA and China can arm a marketer with knowledge needed to succeed in cross-cultural business. Implementing that knowledge with a clear series of managerial guidelines can actualize the value of that understanding.Item The History of the Elgin Marbles and the Ethics of Repatriation in the 21st Century(2023-04-24) Elizondo, Emma; Ross, Jennifer; Hood College Art and Archaeology; Hood College Departmental HonorsItem Intersectional Fairness in Machine Learning: Measurements, Algorithms, and Applications(2022-01-01) Islam, Rashidul; Foulds, James; Information Systems; Information SystemsWith the increasing impact of machine learning (ML) algorithms on many facets of life, there are growing concerns that biases inherent in data can lead the behavior of these algorithms to discriminate against certain populations, e.g. based on race, gender, and so on. A number of studies have subsequently demonstrated that bias and fairness issues in ML are both harmful and pervasive. This thesis makes several advances for fairness in ML by addressing fundamental challenges and by developing technical solutions for real-world applications. Our first contribution is to propose definitions of fairness in ML systems which are informed by the framework of intersectionality, a critical lens from the legal, social science, and humanities literature that analyzes how interlocking systems of power and oppression affect individuals along overlapping dimensions. However, the measurement of fairness becomes statistically challenging in the intersectional setting due to data sparsity. To address this, we present Bayesian probabilistic modeling approaches for the reliable estimation of intersectional fairness. We then enforce our fairness criteria in supervised learning algorithms using a stochastic approximation-based approach that scales to big data. Unlike traditional fairness research, we also conversely focus on unsupervised learning and develop a fair inference technique using our stochastic approach for probabilistic graphical models. To demonstrate the generality of our fundamental methods and their potential for important societal impact, this thesis also presents a number of real-world applications for intersectional fair ML methods. Motivated by the ProPublica report in 2016 that alleged significant biases in a widely used AI-based system across the U.S. to predict a defendant's risk of re-offending, we build a special-purpose graphical model for criminal justice risk assessments and use our fairness approach to prevent the inferences from encoding unfair biases. Continuing the theme of fairness practice in real-world applications, we develop a neural fair collaborative filtering framework for mitigating discrimination in academic major and career recommendations. Furthermore, one of the major barriers against the deployment of fairness-preserving applications is the conventional wisdom that fairness brings a cost in predictive performance which could affect an organization's bottom-line. We systematically study the behavior of our fair learning algorithms and demonstrate that it is possible to improve fairness to some degree without sacrificing the predictive performance via a sensible hyper-parameter selection strategy. To show the utility of our approaches throughout the thesis, we conduct extensive experiments on the census, criminal recidivism, hospitalizations, social media, banking, and loan application datasets. Our results reveal a pathway toward increasing the deployment of fair ML methods, with potentially substantial positive societal impacts.Item Porn Stars and Politicians(2018-01-04) Slater, Andrew; Scott-Nelson, Michael; Cultural Sustainability / Digital Arts and Media; MA in Cultural Sustainability”Porn Stars and Politicians” is an exercise in media literacy, personal consciousness and value constructions of ideal and real culture. The project design invites Internet users to engage in an exercise of value constructions and iconography/semiotics.Item Predatory Practices in Higher Education(Public Integrity, 2016) Naylor, LorendaAt the core of ethics is training and education. If we are to expect our college graduates to behave ethically once they enter the workforce, then the institutions that educate and train them need to adhere to the same principles. American universities have come under close scrutiny due to their rising tuition costs. From 1980 to 2011, college tuition increased by 244% (Mettler, 2014), which has made college education out of reach for most Americans. Public universities have increased tuition and fees in response to decreased funding by state legislatures. In addition, the percentage of tenured and tenure-track faculty has decreased from 40% to 25%, while administrative positions have increased by 221%. However, the more egregious behavior has been that of private, for-profit institutions that engage in predatory practices.Item Publishing Connect Event on Publishing Ethics(2011-10-18)Item Singularity in Beauvoir's The ethics of ambiguity(Wiley Blackwell, 2015-03) Parker, Emily; Towson University. Department of Philosophy and Religious StudiesThough it has gone unnoticed so far in Beauvoir Studies, the term 'singularity' is a technical one for Simone de Beauvoir. In the first half of the essay I discuss two reasons why this term has been obscured. First, as is well known Beauvoir has not been read in the context of the history of philosophy until recently. Second, in The Ethics of Ambiguity at least, singularité is translated both inconsistently and quite misleadingly. In the second half of the essay I attempt to demonstrate the importance of this term in The Ethics. The will to disclose being is the will to disclose the singularity of the other, whether human, land, sky or painting. Ambiguity, which Beauvoir distinguishes from absurdity in Camus, is an image suggesting this necessarily mutual disclosure of singularity.Item When Public Identity Meets Personal Privacy: Ethical Considerations for the Use of Dates of Birth in Name Authority Records for Living Persons(Library Juice Press, 2019-03-15) Martin, Jennifer M.This chapter tackles one long-standing aspect of authority control: the use of birth dates in personal name authority records for living persons. After explaining the boundaries of this chapter and exploring the inherent tension between authority control and privacy, the chapter provides an overview of the current use of birth dates in personal name authority records and reflects on the privacy ethics at play. The chapter concludes with recommendations for ways we as catalogers can use birth dates in a more ethical manner.