Hood College Student Works

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Characterization of Papillomavirus in African Lions (Panthera leo): A Look at Botswana
(2025-04) Carroll, Rebecca; Yeager, Meredith; Liu, Cherry; Ensel, Susan; Hood College Biology; Hood College Departmental Honors
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a group of viruses that can manifest as physical lesions and are capable of causing cancer, is a widely researched topic that has resulted in the identification of hundreds of lineages and sublineages that further the study of human genetics and carries medical applications. Other papillomaviruses (PVs), including feline papillomavirus (FPV), are not the focus of PV studies. FPV, however, can be relevant to felids as a whole, specific species, and can increase general understanding of papillomaviruses. This study examines the characteristics of FPV in African lions (Panthera leo) by extracting and amplifying tissue and swab samples from Botswana, constructing a phylogenetic tree, and calculating distance values from the resulting sequences. An additional group of FPV samples from Tanzania were also sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was built using data from both locations using the Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) PlpPV-1 FPV sequence available in PaVE as a marker. With this analysis, three additional types of papillomavirus in lions were identified and further compared with the FPV sequences of other felids. The results indicate that FPV in lions does deviate into distinct types despite geographic boundaries, suggesting that analysis of a greater sample pool would provide more detailed information and patterns concerning types of FPV in lion populations. Research performed in conjunction with the Departmental Honors projects of Katherine Stang and Riana Caldwell.
Broadway, the Media, and Framing Theory
(2025-04-24) DeGennaro, Sophia; Elizabeth Atwood; Noel Verzosa; Aaron Angello; Hood College English and Communication Arts; Hood College Departmental Honors
This paper examines the growing relationship between Broadway and media, with a focus on the way media framing is used to portray historical Broadway shows that include difficult topics. Using reviews from internal and external publications of shows, this paper analyzes the specific media frames portrayed for each show. It also analyzes emerging trends and the future of the relationship between Broadway and the media. All publications cited were selected for their geographical relevance to Broadway, and history of covering Broadway shows up to the relevant review. Newspapers include The New York Times, Variety, Playbill, New York Magazine, Dance Magazine, and The Washington Post and Times Herald. Reviews were largely pulled from the database Newspapers.Com, and were published within the first month following the show’s debut. This paper specifically covers the shows West Side Story, Hair, Rent, and The Colour Purple.
The Effect of Urbanization and Development on Freshwater Emergent Wetland Biogeochemistry and Hydrology in Western Maryland
(2025-04-25) Junis, Meghan; Sharp Sean; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental Science
Urbanization alters watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry, often compromising the ability of wetlands to retain nutrients and regulate flow. This study compared two riparian wetlands in Western Maryland—one in an urbanized watershed and one in an undeveloped watershed—to evaluate the effects of impervious surface cover on nutrient export and storm hydrology. Over five months, upstream and downstream water samples and continuous hydrologic monitoring were analyzed. Results showed that the urban wetland exhibited significantly flashier hydrology and higher porewater conductivity, suggesting greater stormwater and salt input. While nutrient concentrations were not statistically different between sites, emerging trends—particularly higher TOC exports in the rural site—suggest differences in productivity and legacy nutrient effects. These findings emphasize that even moderate development can alter wetland function, highlighting the importance of green infrastructure, alternative deicing practices, and restoration timelines in sustaining wetland ecosystem services in urban landscapes.
Characterization of papillomaviruses in African Lions (Panthera leo): A Look at Tanzania
(2025-01-14) Riana Caldwell; Dr. Meredith Yeager; Hood College Biology; Hood College Departmental Honors
Research into the characterization of papillomaviruses is a growing field that has yielded valuable results for the human species in the form of treatments such as vaccines. Other species, such as the Felidae family, have yet to receive as much characterization as human papillomavirus (HPV). Particularly, reports of FPV for the African lion (Panthera leo) species is nonexistent which this project attempted to resolve with a characterization of papillomavirus in this species. To this end, samples were collected from African lions in Serengeti National Park for characterization. The L1 sequence of these samples were amplified using PCR and cleaned before undergoing phylogenetic and distance analysis to determine any potential variation in the reference sequence. The results of this study have identified three novel papillomavirus types in the African lion species. For the types identified, it is proposed that they be classified under “Panthera leo Papillomavirus” of the Lambdapapillomavirus genus, abbreviated as “PlePV”.
Seasonal Mental Health Changes in College Athletes
(2025-04) Dillon, Maddy; Dr. Stephanie Masters; Hood College Psychology and Counseling; Hood College Departmental Honors
This study examines the impact of the athletic season on the mental health of collegiate athletes, focusing on changes in depression and anxiety levels. A sample of 40 fall-season college athletes completed assessments before and after their competitive season using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Paired-samples t-tests revealed a significant increase in depression scores from pre-season to post-season (p < .001), suggesting elevated depressive symptoms as the season progressed. Conversely, anxiety scores significantly decreased over the same period (p < .001), indicating reduced anxiety following the conclusion of competition. Strong positive correlations between pre- and post-season scores were observed for both depression (r = .794) and anxiety (r = .799), highlighting consistency in individual mental health trends across the season. These findings suggest that while the athletic season may alleviate anticipatory anxiety, it may also contribute to increased depressive symptoms, possibly due to cumulative stress, performance pressures, and academic demands. The results underscore the importance of ongoing mental health support for student-athletes throughout the athletic cycle.
Exploring Foliar Fungal Endophyte Communities as a Source of Weed Biological Control Agents
(2025-04-24) Fitz, Riley Larkin; Dr. Eric Kindahl; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental Science
Wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P. Beauv.) is an invasive perennial grass native to East Asia that is spreading in the Mid Atlantic United States. Basketgrass forms dense mats in forest understories that suppress the growth of desirable, native herbaceous species, homogenize soil microbiomes, and alter insect communities. The relatively recent introduction of this species provides an opportunity to study novel weed microbe associations formed during invasion. The aim of this research was to identify fungi inhabiting healthy basketgrass and assess their potential use as non traditional biological control agents. Previously, 317 foliar endophytic fungi were collected and identified to genus with DNA sequences. Radial growth rates of these fungi were recorded in culture as a measure of saprophytic fitness, and detached leaf assays were conducted to record a preliminary plant fungus interaction phenotype. A subset of phylogenetically dispersed endophytes was evaluated for the presence of phytotoxic secondary metabolites secreted into liquid growth medium. Isolates from Hancock, VA grew significantly faster than those from Edward’s Ferry, MD, and growth rates varied strongly by genus. Less common taxa outperformed “core” isolates in saprophytic fitness, while core isolates elicited the strongest plant interaction responses. Detached leaf assays confirmed significant necrosis and “stay green” effects, though high variability suggests protocol refinement is needed. These findings demonstrate that phylogenetic affiliation reliably predicts key biocontrol traits — saprophytic growth, phytotoxicity, and host interaction phenotypes — and highlight both certain clades and less‐abundant taxa as promising candidates for bioherbicide development.
The Impact of Mental Health Campaigns on Self-Identification with Mental Illness, Perceived Control over Problems, and Perceived Need for Professional Treatment
(2025-04) Svitak, Katelyn; Jessica McManus; Hood College Psychology and Counseling; Psychology
It has been speculated that increased mental health awareness, with a focus on mental wellbeing, is inadvertently contributing to the reported rise in mental health problems through the overinterpretation of minor distress as symptoms of mental illness. This study aimed at testing this hypothesis by examining the impact of a common mental health disorder (anxiety) campaign and a more severe disorder (schizophrenia) campaign on self-identification with mental illness. Additionally, this study examined the impact of self-identifying with mental illness on perceived control over problems and perceived need for professional treatment. As hypothesized, individuals exposed to the anxiety campaign reported higher self-identification with mental illness than individuals exposed to the schizophrenia campaign. Additionally, higher self-identification with mental illness was associated with lower perceived control over problems and higher perceived need for professional treatment. These findings increase current understanding on the impact of mental health campaigns and implications of self-identifying with mental illness.
Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization on High-Capacity Mesoporous Perovskite Oxide Catalysts
(2025-04-23) Núñez, Melissa; Ashish Chakradhar; Hood College Department of Chemistry and Physics; Hood College Departmental Honors
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is an essential industrial process used to remove sulfur from hydrocarbons, such as crude oil, to mitigate the harmful environmental and health effects associated with sulfur emissions. The presence of sulfur compounds, particularly in transportation fuels, can poison catalysts used in refining processes and contribute to the formation of sulfur dioxide, a greenhouse gas. As stricter environmental regulations on sulfur content in fuels emerge, the need for efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable catalysts for HDS has become increasingly critical. Thiophene, a sulfur-containing compound found in petroleum, is often used as a model molecule to study HDS reactions. This study focuses on comparing the performance of perovskite oxide catalysts like LaCoO3, LaNiO3, and LaFeO3 with the widely used CoMo catalyst. The research explores the role of metal composition, catalyst structure, and reaction mechanisms in influencing the efficiency of sulfur removal. By evaluating these materials, this study aims to identify potential alternative or supplementary catalysts for HDS that can improve sulfur conversion rates, enhance catalyst stability, and meet environmental goals. The findings contribute to advancing HDS technology, with a focus on optimizing catalyst design for future applications in cleaner fuel production.
(Don’t) Eat Your Young: The Creation, Deconstruction, and Reconstruction of Communities, Development of Agency, and Modeling of Learning Behaviors in Folklore, Adaptations of Folklore, and Stories Inspired by Folklore
(2025-04) Frost, Phebe; Dr. Heather Mitchell-Buck; Dr. Trevor Dodman; Dr. Brooke Witherow; Hood College English and Communication Arts; English
ANALYSIS OF MONOCHLOROBIMANE AND HUMAN GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE
(1991-05) Iype, Susan N.; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental Science
The means by which tumor cells survive anti-neoplastic chemotherapy is not well understood. Many of the anti-neoplastic drugs may be viewed as electrophilic compounds. The primary means by which cells detoxify electrophiles is through the glutathione-related detoxification scheme. It is important to develop accurate and facile techniques to study the role of glutathione (GSH) in detoxification mechanisms. The electrophile, monochlorobimane (MCB), has been proposed to be an excellent fluorescent probe for the detection of GSH. Initial studies showed that low concentrations of MCB (10-100 μM) were adequate to label GSH in rodent cell lines. However, when the MCB assay was extended to human cell lines higher concentrations of MCB (1000 μM) were required. The MCB assay was found not to be ideal when strictly quantitative results were necessary. However, the MCB assay was found to be adequate for the qualitative analysis of GSH levels between different cell lines. These properties of MCB were exemplified when flow cytometric analysis of GSH levels (using 1000 μM MCB) in seven human and rodent cell lines correlated with data acquired from high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and standard GSH assays. To better define why there is variation in results when using MCB to study rodent and human cells, the differences in MCB affinities and kinetics properties between species-specific glutathione S-transferases (GST) were analyzed. To accomplish this task GST isoenzymes from human liver and rat liver were isolated, purified and characterized by kinetics analysis using MCB as a substrate. The kinetics parameters of MCB and GSH were determined using human GSTs π, ᴪ, B1B2, B2B2, and rat GST 1-2, 3-3 and 3-4. The human acidic GST has a Km of 264 μM for MCB and a Vmax of 1.99 μmole GS-bimane/min-mg protein. The human basic GST B1B2 and B2B2 have Km values of 354 μM and 283 μM, and V max values of 33.3 and 34.6 μmole GS-bimane/min-mg protein. The rat basic GST had a Km of 199 μM and a V max of 35.5 μmole GS-bimane/min-mg protein. The human neutral GST had a Km of 204 μM and a Vmax of 6.5 μmole GS-bimane/min-mg protein. The rat neutral GST had a Km of 2.6 μM and a Vmax of 35.1 μmole GS-bimane/min-mg protein. The kcat/Km ratio showed that the rat liver GSTs were excellent catalysts for the reaction of GSH and MCB. In addition, the GS-bimane adduct was found to act as an inhibitor in the GST-catalyzed reaction of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and GSH (I50 (rat liver GST) = 70 μM; I50 (human placental GST) = 35 μM). This study leads to the conclusion that inadequate labeling of GSH with the MCB assay (< 1000 μM) in human cell lines results from the low affinity of MCB for the human GSTs.
PAINTING POETRY: THE INTERTWINING OF THE ART AND VERSE OF DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI
(2008-12) Ivie, Janice L; Hood College Arts and Humanities; Humanities
Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882), painter and poet, was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. From a young age Rossetti was keenly aware of the interrelationships between art and verse and was convinced that painting and poetry were so closely related as to be inseparable. In both poetry and paintings, Rossetti's most frequent subject was Love, which he, like Dante, his namesake and guide, believed to be the driving force of his life. DGR chose to accept the opposing aspects of Sacred and Profane Love as a unified whole. He also chose to unify the sister arts of Painting and Poetry. Rossetti created what he called "picture-sonnets." These were double-works of art wherein a painting or drawing and a poem, both of his own invention, were made to be viewed and read simultaneously. The artist presented both the painting and poem to the viewer/reader by placing the verse within the painting itself or on the frame. Through an examination of the paintings and poetry of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, the intertwining of his verbal and visual images, one can trace Rossetti's gradual conflation of the Sacred and Profane aspects of Love and his understanding of his dual identity as painter and poet.
PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA'S MISERICORDIA POLYPTYCH: ARTIST, PATRON, AND COMMUNITY
(2011-01) Irani, Sarah Michelle Hempel; Hood College Arts and Humanities; Humanities
In 1548, Monsignor Zanobio de' Medici traveled to the chapel of the Misericordia in the small Tuscan village of Sansepolcro. He marveled at a remarkable century-old altarpiece, with images of the Madonna and other saints before the high altar (Fig. 1). At the time of his visit, he stated that the panel was painted by the hand of Piero Franceschi, otherwise known as della Francesca, a resident of Sansepolcro. Piero della Francesca had been hired by one of the most powerful confraternities iii Sansepolcro of the time, nearly one hundred years prior to the Monsignor's visit, in 1445. Piero painted the altarpiece nearly a hundred years after the Black Death decimated the population of Italy in 1348, which was also about the same time that the confraternity was established within Sansepolcro. The confraternity of the Misericordia, as it was called, was a charitable organization that emerged after the Black Death swept through the Italian peninsula during the mid-fourteenth century. The members would tend to the sick, bury the dead, and engage in anonymous acts of charity.
ANA MARÍA MATUTE: A TRANSLATION OF SIX SHORT STORIES FROM THE COLLECTION HIS TORIAS DE LA ARTÁMILA
(2012-03) Inman, Deirdre Rosemarie; Hood College Arts and Humanities; Humanities
"Everything — or almost everything — I've related in this book has happened to me or to people I met a long time ago..." Ana María Matute, one of Spain's most prolific and iconic writers of the 20th century, chooses these words to introduce her reader to the literary world of her making in a collection of short selections entitled Stories of the Artámila. These works are autobiographical and occurred during her recovery from chronic kidney problems in her childhood. This onset of this condition prompted her parents to remove her from their native city of Barcelona for a period of respite and recuperation. As a result, she was sent to live with her grandparents in a small town in the mountains, Mansilla de la Sierra in the province of La Rioja in northern Spain. The characters, experiences and places she shares with her readers in this collection are factual, and as a result they ring with an air of truth and genuineness that provides depth and meaning to the themes and message which pervade her work. There are twenty-two stories in the complete collection; of these, I have chosen six in order to present to the English-speaking community the opportunity to relish an accurate sampling of her work that extols the genius of her literary craft.
THE ROLE OF TIS1 AND TIS21 IN TRANSFORMATION OF JB6 CELLS
(1995-06) IIanchiezian, Subathra; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental Science
The 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inducible sequence genes are primary response genes induced in Swiss 3T3 cells by TPA (Lim, et al., 1987). Previous studies showed that a subset of TIS genes, TIS21 and TIS1, were preferentially induced by TPA and also by epidermal growth factor in promotion resistant (P-) murine epidermal JB6 cells. Their protein levels were also greater in TPA-treated promotion resistant (P-) cells than promotion sensitive (P+) cells (Cmarik, et al., 1994). Based on these observations, it was proposed that the high level of TIS1 and TIS21 proteins in P- cells could be a factor that inhibits tumor promoterinduced transformation. The strategy used to test this hypothesis was to cause repression of TIS1 or TIS21 protein synthesis by constructing TIS21 or TIS1 antisense RNA expression plasmids. TIS21 cDNA was subcloned in the pcDNA3 vector and TIS1 in the pCEP4 vector. Antisense orientation was confirmed by restriction digestion and sequencing. These plasmids were transfected into P- cells subsequently grown in selective medium containing G418 medium for TIS21 transfectants and hygromycin for TIS1 transfectants. Greater than 25 independent clones of TIS21 or TIS1 were obtained. They were then analyzed for introduced TIS21 or TIS1 antisense RNA expression by northern analysis. The endogenous TIS21 or TIS1 mRNA was expressed, whereas the antisense RNA expression was not observed. Protein extracts from some TIS21 or TIS1 transfectants were subjected to western analysis. There was no decrease in the TPA-induced level of TIS21 or TIS1 proteins in antisense transfectants compared with that of the vector controls as would be observed with functional antisense. Thus, if any antisense RNAs were expressed, they did not inhibit the synthesis of their respective proteins. Southern analysis was carried out to determine if TIS1 or TIS21 antisense DNA is present in the cell. Of six TIS21 transfectants tested, none showed the presence of the TI521 antisense DNA, whereas two out of six TIS1 transfectants, pET1j and pET1p appeared to contain the TIS1 antisense DNA. These observations reflect that most of the clones obtained do not have the introduced gene and the few that do have the gene did not express the antisense RNA. Probably during clonal selection the cells lost the antisense DNA and most of the clones obtained are the ones without the antisense DNA. Because no clones with functional antisense that effectively blocked TIS1 or TIS21 protein induction in the P- cells were isolated, the hypothesis that the high level of TIS1 or TIS21 proteins in the P- cells can inhibit tumor promoter-induced transformation could not be validated.
Applying Social Community Identity and Spatial Theory to Extend Our Understanding of Ala al-Din Khammas: The Warrior-Scholar Who Trained Saddam Hussein’s Military Leaders
(2025-03-15) Youssef Aboul-Enein; Campion, Corey; Organizational Leadership; Organzational Leadership
Ala’ al-Din Khammas is unique among Saddam Hussein’s generals interviewed in 2009 by U.S. military officials for his prolific publications produced while in Iraq’s military and after his retirement. His military manuals developed during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and distributed to Iraq’s field commanders, would be instrumental in stabilizing the southern Basra front. Khammas’ is also rare among Saddam’s officers for his effort to introduce American military works to Iraqi military officers. This study investigates Khammas’ intellectual imprint on Iraqi officers that would later confront American forces in Operations Desert Storm and Iraqi Freedom. This qualitative interpretive study critically examines Khammas’ magnum opus, The Arab Art of War (1999) which argues that Arabs have their own distinct art of war worthy of careful study developed in the 7th century. It experiments with identity and spatial relationship theories of Anderson (2016), and Tuan (1990) as frameworks in a novel approach to military analysis and expands our understanding of Khammas himself and his argument of a distinct Arab art of war. Applying these theoretical frameworks make up for Khammas intense focus on battlefield tactics and identifies two overarching principles embedded throughout his work, the use of extreme contrasts in terrain and how a changing Arab identity enabled a 7th century hybrid combination of tribal and conventional war that can be called a distinct all-encompassing Arab art of war.
PCR AMPLIFICATION AND CLONING OF ELEVEN OVERLAPPING SEGMENTS OF BIV127 env FOR BACTERIAL EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPRESSED PROTEINS
(1995-11) Hutchison, Don C.; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental Science
Bacterially expressed segments of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) envelope were tested for immunological reactivity with sera from cows, rabbits, and a guinea pig. Overlapping segments of the gene coding for BIV127 envelope surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) regions were generated by the polymerase chain reaction and subcloned into two fusion protein expression systems: pGEX 4-T-1, a glutathione-Stransferase (GST) fusion system (Pharmacia), and pMAL-C2, a maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion system (New England Biolabs). E. co//transformed with the recombinant plasmids were induced to express BIV-GST or BIV-MBP fusion proteins. The fusion proteins were purified by affinity chromatography using Glutathione Sepharose 4B or amylose resin, respectively. The BIV-MBP peptides were then separated by size on SDS-PAGE gels and transferred onto lmmobilon filters by semi-dry blotting. BIV-MBP purified fusion proteins were also cleaved by factor Xa protease to release the BIV fragment from its fusion partner prior to separation by SOS-PAGE gradient gels and western blot. Fusion proteins were detected using goat anti-GST antibodies or rabbit anti-MBP and tested for reactivity with sera from naturally and experimentally infected cows, an experimentally infected rabbit, immunized rabbits, and an immunized guinea pig. Additionally, sera to synthetic peptides derived from the BIV env gene were tested. Primary sera were incubated with an appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated (HRP) secondary antibody using the enhanced chemi-luminescence system and exposed to x-ray film. The pGEX (GST) expression system showed low yields of BIV-GST fusion protein compared to GST controls expressed with no fusion partner. In contrast, relatively large amounts of BIV-MBP fusion proteins were expressed and could be visualized by Coomassie staining on SDS-PAGE gels as well as western blot. Analysis of the SDS-PAGE and western blot results (of BIV-MBP antigen against cow and rabbit sera) showed BIV reactivity in the BIV-MBP fusion proteins. However, with some antigens, normal control sera also reacted to the BIV-MBP fusion proteins or to copurified protein(s) of similar molecular weight. To evade "non-specific" MBP or copurified protein reactivity, BIV-MBP fusion proteins were cleaved with factor Xa and electrophoresed on 4-20% SDS-PAGE gradient gels prior to western blotting, and tested with a similar panel of sera. An immunogenic region of the amino-terminus of TM corresponding to the extracellular domain (represented by TM1-MBP) was recognized by sera from a naturally infected cow and a cow transfused with a field isolate in both the uncleaved and factor Xa cleaved experiments. Rabbit sera from a BIV127-infected rabbit and a rabbit immunized with purified BIV virion also recognized the cleavage product from factor Xa cleaved TM1-MBP antigen.
KINSHIP AND AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR AMONG MALE MICE
(1995-05) Hughes, Melanie K.; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental Science
Adult male mice defend small territories and compete for mates by engaging in agonistic interactions. A dominance hierarchy is established based on the outcome of these agonistic encounters and the urinary marking behavior of adult male mice is usually strongly dependent on their social dominance ranks. Animals do not behave selfishly all the time but in some circumstances may behave cooperatively, particularly with kin. Hamilton (1964) proposed the theory of kin selection which predicts that the evolution of social behavior is influenced by the degree of kinship between two individuals. I tested Hamilton's theory, that kinship influences agonistic behavior in a preliminary experiment in which I observed agonistic encounters between brothers and nonbrothers. If kin selection on male mice influences interactions between brothers, agonistic interactions between them should be infrequent relative to nonbrothers. The preliminary experiment showed that the mean latency to fight was longer for brothers than for nonbrothers. The mechanism(s) controlling this nepotistic behavior among brothers may be emotional attachment due to association of littermates during early development and/or degree of relatedness per se. I used a cross-fostering procedure to establish four categories of male mice: brothers in same litter, nonbrothers in different litters, brothers in different litters, and nonbrothers in same litter. My results indicate that both attachment and relatedness influence agonistic interactions. To investigate the relevance of open arena tests and whether male mice will continue to display nepotistic behavior in the presense of a limited resource, the pairs of mice were fought a second time with an estrous female present. The male mice had significantly lower latencies which may have resulted from their prior fighting experience, although the pattern of latencies in relation to attachment and relatedness remained the same. Finally, I tested whether kinship influences the nature of urinary marking patterns of male mice and found no significant difference in the urine pattern.
LA GRANDE ÉRUDITION—UN DES QUATRE LIVRES CONFUCIANISTES: ÉCRIT PAR TZENG TZE: UN DES MEILLEURS DISCIPLES DE CONFUCIUS
(2005-12) Huang, Lori; Hood College Arts and Humanities; Humanities
This project aims to conduct the translation of Tzeng-Tze's The Great Learning from ancient Chinese into French in adherence to the following three principles: fidelity, fluency, and gracefulness. The three principal objectives are announced at the beginning of this work in the most straight-forward manner: "What the Great Learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtues; to love the people; and to rest in the highest excellence." These worthy objectives, followed by profound teachings on how to achieve them, render this work one of the four renowned Confucian classics. With the Great Harmony as the ultimate goal, spiritual guidance is given in a step-by-step fashion—with explanation and instructions for each—for the process of advancement. This process can be divided into two parts: Inner Sainthood and Outer Kingship; namely, the internal cultivation and the external practice.
THE BACTERIAL EXPRESSION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIV REV EXON 2 AND THE EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN OF BIV TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN
(1996-04) Hu, Marie Y.; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental Science
To determine if BIV rev exon 2 is post-translationally removed from the Env polypeptide and if the extracellular domain of BIV TM protein is the region responsible for virus-cell fusion, PCR generated fragments of these two regions were cloned and bacterially expressed as maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion proteins in the pMAL expression system. The expressed fusion proteins were isolated and purified by affinity chromatography using amylose resin. The fusion proteins were immunologically characterized by immunoblotting using BIV specific sera, as well as the rabbit anti-MBP serum. The purified proteins were used to immunize mice and guinea pigs for the production of antisera. The antisera were immunologically characterized by western blotting and radioimmunoprecipitation of BIV 127-infected cell lysates. The experimental findings suggest that rev exon 2 translation appears in both the Env precursor and the mature Rev protein. Furthermore, rev exon 2 is posttranslationally cleaved from the gp100 Env surface glycoprotein as evidenced by the recognition of the mouse antisera to MBP-rev exon 2 to p102 Env precursor and the p23rev but not gp100. The presence of the putative BIV primary fusion domain within the extracellular domain of the BIV transmembrane protein (TM-ecd) was not determined due to the lack of reagents.
IgA1 PROTEASES
(1986-08) Hsu, S. Dana; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental Science
IgA1 protease is elaborated by several mucosal pathogens, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as Streptococcus sanguis, a predominant bacterium in dental plaque. The enzyme is specific for the IgA1 subclass, cleaving the molecule at the hinge region to form intact F ab and F c fragments. IgA2 is not susceptible to proteolysis because of a deletion of a 13 amino acid segment in the hinge region where the cleavage sites are located. S. sanguis 10556 was grown in carbon excess and carbon limitation, in undialyzed and diafiltrated media, and the enzyme partially purified by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Comparison was made of the elution profiles of the enzyme preparations in gel filtration using phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and Tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane-HCL (Tris-HCL) buffer, pH 8.0. IgA1 protease was found to be elaborated under carbon limitation, a condition encountered by microorganisms in dental plaque. The use of diafiltrated medium reduced significantly a large contaminating peak which elutes in approximately the same region as the enzyme in gel filtration (phosphate buffer). Better separation of the enzyme from other components eluting at the void volumn was obtained using phosphate buffer than Tris-HCL buffer in gel filtration. In anionic exchange chromatography, the enzyme eluted unbound, while the majority of the contaminating proteins remained bound to the support. This procedure is an efficient method of obtaining a preparation of S. sanguis IgA1 protease which is contaminated by only a few proteins.

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