Hood College Arts and Humanities
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/11603/7769
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item AN ECOFEMINIST READING AND CRITIQUE OF EDITH WHARTONS' SUMMER (1917) AND CATERINA ALBERT i PARADÍS' SOLITUDE (1905)(2025-04) Anselmo Ballester, Paula; Dr. Scott Pincikowski; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesThis study draws upon ecofeminist theory to analyze two early twentieth-century novels, Edith Wharton’s Summer (1917) and Caterina Albert i Paradís’ Solitude (1905). These novels challenge the definition of relationship between women and nature – as nature changes, the female characters change as well. A gendered ecological reading and an ecofeminist critique of these two novels uncovers the power structures and the limitations that rural and natural environments have for women, and how they restrict women’s experience in nature. This project intends to answer the questions: How does Ecofeminism help the reader to see how women perceive and experience nature and the environment differently than men? How useful it is to compare the degradation of nature with the degradation of women in patriarchal and dualistic societies? How does culture influence the way coming-of-age novels portray female characters in relation to nature? The study answers these questions by following an anti-essentialism, anti-dualism and anti-anthropocentrism approach. The comparative reading shows that ecofeminism is a useful approach and demonstrates the inferiority and limitations of women in relation to the environment.Item Literacy, Representation, and Hybridization as Modes of Resistance Against American Colonialism: Case Studies of Kateri Tekakwitha, Gotebo, and Zitkala-Sa(2025-04-25) McCoy, Kaitlyn; Trevor Dodman; Mallory Huard; Noel Verzosa; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesThe three case studies used in this essay follow the lives of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha (1656-1680), an Algonquin raised in the Mohawk nation who converted to Catholicism during the era of the Jesuit missionaries; Gotebo (1847-1927), a Kiowa artist who lived through the Pre-Reservation Era, the Reservation Era, and the Post-Reservation Era; and Zitkála-Šá (1876-1938), a Sioux Dakota author who experienced and survived the Residential School system and published literature and poetry about her search to return to her people. These individual case studies show on an individual and national level that Native Americans both changed and were changed by their interaction with American colonialism through their lifetimes through literacy, conversion to Christianity, and refusal to let go of kinship bonds that make these three good examples to study.Item PAINTING POETRY: THE INTERTWINING OF THE ART AND VERSE OF DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI(2008-12) Ivie, Janice L; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesDante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882), painter and poet, was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. From a young age Rossetti was keenly aware of the interrelationships between art and verse and was convinced that painting and poetry were so closely related as to be inseparable. In both poetry and paintings, Rossetti's most frequent subject was Love, which he, like Dante, his namesake and guide, believed to be the driving force of his life. DGR chose to accept the opposing aspects of Sacred and Profane Love as a unified whole. He also chose to unify the sister arts of Painting and Poetry. Rossetti created what he called "picture-sonnets." These were double-works of art wherein a painting or drawing and a poem, both of his own invention, were made to be viewed and read simultaneously. The artist presented both the painting and poem to the viewer/reader by placing the verse within the painting itself or on the frame. Through an examination of the paintings and poetry of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, the intertwining of his verbal and visual images, one can trace Rossetti's gradual conflation of the Sacred and Profane aspects of Love and his understanding of his dual identity as painter and poet.Item PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA'S MISERICORDIA POLYPTYCH: ARTIST, PATRON, AND COMMUNITY(2011-01) Irani, Sarah Michelle Hempel; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesIn 1548, Monsignor Zanobio de' Medici traveled to the chapel of the Misericordia in the small Tuscan village of Sansepolcro. He marveled at a remarkable century-old altarpiece, with images of the Madonna and other saints before the high altar (Fig. 1). At the time of his visit, he stated that the panel was painted by the hand of Piero Franceschi, otherwise known as della Francesca, a resident of Sansepolcro. Piero della Francesca had been hired by one of the most powerful confraternities iii Sansepolcro of the time, nearly one hundred years prior to the Monsignor's visit, in 1445. Piero painted the altarpiece nearly a hundred years after the Black Death decimated the population of Italy in 1348, which was also about the same time that the confraternity was established within Sansepolcro. The confraternity of the Misericordia, as it was called, was a charitable organization that emerged after the Black Death swept through the Italian peninsula during the mid-fourteenth century. The members would tend to the sick, bury the dead, and engage in anonymous acts of charity.Item ANA MARÍA MATUTE: A TRANSLATION OF SIX SHORT STORIES FROM THE COLLECTION HIS TORIAS DE LA ARTÁMILA(2012-03) Inman, Deirdre Rosemarie; Hood College Arts and Humanities; Humanities"Everything — or almost everything — I've related in this book has happened to me or to people I met a long time ago..." Ana María Matute, one of Spain's most prolific and iconic writers of the 20th century, chooses these words to introduce her reader to the literary world of her making in a collection of short selections entitled Stories of the Artámila. These works are autobiographical and occurred during her recovery from chronic kidney problems in her childhood. This onset of this condition prompted her parents to remove her from their native city of Barcelona for a period of respite and recuperation. As a result, she was sent to live with her grandparents in a small town in the mountains, Mansilla de la Sierra in the province of La Rioja in northern Spain. The characters, experiences and places she shares with her readers in this collection are factual, and as a result they ring with an air of truth and genuineness that provides depth and meaning to the themes and message which pervade her work. There are twenty-two stories in the complete collection; of these, I have chosen six in order to present to the English-speaking community the opportunity to relish an accurate sampling of her work that extols the genius of her literary craft.Item LA GRANDE ÉRUDITION—UN DES QUATRE LIVRES CONFUCIANISTES: ÉCRIT PAR TZENG TZE: UN DES MEILLEURS DISCIPLES DE CONFUCIUS(2005-12) Huang, Lori; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesThis project aims to conduct the translation of Tzeng-Tze's The Great Learning from ancient Chinese into French in adherence to the following three principles: fidelity, fluency, and gracefulness. The three principal objectives are announced at the beginning of this work in the most straight-forward manner: "What the Great Learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtues; to love the people; and to rest in the highest excellence." These worthy objectives, followed by profound teachings on how to achieve them, render this work one of the four renowned Confucian classics. With the Great Harmony as the ultimate goal, spiritual guidance is given in a step-by-step fashion—with explanation and instructions for each—for the process of advancement. This process can be divided into two parts: Inner Sainthood and Outer Kingship; namely, the internal cultivation and the external practice.Item CREATING ST. THOMAS: IMAGES, TEXTS AND PILGRIM SIGNS IN THE MAKING OF A MEDIEVAL SAINT(2008-05) Hines, Nita; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesAt the time of Thomas Becket's murder over church power just after Christmas in 1170, many both inside and outside of the church considered him an unlikely candidate for sainthood. Nevertheless, his death instantly all but guaranteed he would become a saint; and from that point a textual and visual hagiography began to be produced that fit him to his new role. Thomas's popular. and then official, canonization occurred at a time when the saints' cults, with their shrines and pilgrimages, were in a period of expansion. Relics of older saints, such as Cuthbert at Durham, were being elevated into shrines, furnished with expanded and illuminated Lives, with cathedrals enlarged or refurbished to accommodate them. Thomas was, in a sense, in the right place at the right time to become the most important saint in medieval England, and the center of one of the three largest cults in Europe. His hagiography was derived from the long tradition of sainthood. With a martyrdom that was recent and witnessed, more or less, by several eminent clergy, and that had been preceded by a -Passion" involving his comparatively well-documented dispute with Henry II, his cult had a currency that those of the ancient martyr saints and the more recent confessor saints did not. We can observe in his textual hagiography, and in the illuminations that accompanied and interpreted it, the manner in which the "factual" aspects of his cult were embellished with and made to fit hagiographic narrative tropes, to transform him from ambiguous human to martyr saint. Thomas's cult, providing miracles—the vast majority healing—to pilgrims, was founded on earlier practices, but its Gothic chapel at Canterbury with his miracles portrayed in stained glass was a new experience for many of the visitors who came to it. The popularity of the cult resulted in an overwhelming number of miracles, and the stained glass windows picturing the textual miracle collections compiled by monks at Canterbury represented a relatively new hagiographic form to support his cult—representing, attracting, and admonishing pilgrims. Thomas's cult was also the first in England to employ pilgrim "signs"—ampullae and badges—bearing a new form of iconography suited to mass production and serving the functions of pilgrimage as both amulets and souvenirs. Although much has been written about the history of Thomas Becket and surveys of his art have been undertaken, little has been done to examine the interplay of text and image. This paper will examine both the textual and visual hagiography of St. Thomas and how these worked together to create a persona consistent with sainthood and to serve the different facets of his cult.Item Chimeras, Dreams and Nightmares: Utopian Theory and Rhetoric in Post-Colonial Egypt(2013-05) Hillers, Kristin; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesUtopian theory and rhetoric has influenced politics in Egypt since Free Officers Revolution. This study first analyzes utopian theory and rhetoric and the Arabic words for. Utopia, then analyzes the philosophies and speeches of Egyptian presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak. The Utopian theory and rhetoric of those presidents are juxtaposed with the utopian theory found within Naguib Mathouz', Arabian Nights and Days and Ahmed Khaled Towfik's Utopia. Utopian theory and rhetoric is also exhibited in the 2011 Revolution and has serious implications for the political situation in Egypt.Item SOCIO-POLITICAL COMPLEXITY AND RELIGION AMONG THE ANCESTRAL PUEBLO OF CHACO CANYON, NEW MEXICO(2006-05) Hawkinberry, Jennifer K.; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesFor the Ancestral Pueblo or ancient Anasazi, life in the American southwest meant continual adaptation to a constantly changing environment. Extremes of temperature and variations in rainfall impacted every area of Anasazi life, often making food production difficult, influencing population and settlement size. However, the people were not overcome by this harsh environment but used the resources available to their advantage, enduring and flourishing for more than six centuries, from approximately A.D. 800-1450 (Lekson, 1999; Pike, 1974; Stuart, 2000). Building on knowledge passed down through the generations, the Anasazi developed innovations during the eleventh and twelfth centuries that not only increased their quality of life but allowed the society to grow in both size and complexity (Lekson, 1999; Pike, 1974). This is particularly true of the residents of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, a people who constructed monumental Great Houses, integrating them into a system encompassing surrounding small sites and distant outliers (Cordell, 1997; Lekson, 1999). Much remains to be understood about life in Chaco Canyon, yet a high level of sociopolitical complexity can be inferred from a variety of sources, including comparison of the Great Houses to smaller habitation sites, indicating a distinction in social status between the residents of each architectural type (Frazier, 1999; Lekson, 2004; Sebastian, 1992). The nature of Chacoan exchange remains unclear, yet pottery and exotic imports found within the Great Houses suggest interactions over a wide geographic area, with unequal access to material culture between Great Houses and small sites (Neitzel, 1989; Sebastian, 1992; Toll, 1991). Extensive labor was invested in the construction of the Great Houses as well as the roads and irrigation networks, indicating organization beyond the level of loosely connected societies, requiring coordination of labor over extended periods of time and continual maintenance (Frazier, 1999; Sebastian, 1992). When coupled with ethnographic information from the Hopi and Zuni, descendants of the Anasazi, archaeological evidence suggests that socio-political complexity was directly influenced by religious practices within Chaco Canyon. The alignment of the Great Houses and roads with the cardinal directions indicates an attempt to recreate a sacred landscape, representing the ancestral journey to the Middle Place. The Great Houses then became pilgrimage destinations, with hundreds of people traveling along sacred roads to this area, walking from villages in and around the canyon (Pringle, 1996). Astronomical markers, incorporated into geological and architectural features suggest that religious authority was derived from observations of the heavens, with a select few able to predict eclipses, equinoxes, and solstices, events relating to agricultural cycles and the planning of festivals (Pringle, 1996; Roberts, 1996). Socio-political complexity can be inferred from site-size hierarchy as well as extensive trade, irrigation, and road networks, with ethnographic and archaeological evidence indicating strong religious influences.Item Conflict as the Accelerant of Social Change(2024-11) Rogers, Cameron; Verzosa, Noel; Dodman, Trevor; Campion, Corey; Hood College English & Communication Arts; Humanities (M.A.)Even as humanity has advanced and become “civilized” over its existence, conflict clings to it in varying scopes and impacts. The changing power of war, conflict, and bloodshed stretches far and wide, from benefits like medical advancements to its numerous detriments of killing, destruction, and crimes against humanity. While most conflicts are regarded as tragedies and needless bloodshed, they still spur change through the actions taken during or after their occurrence. Some small-scale conflicts can spark massive social changes, such as the Wounded Knee Occupation of 1973. Other conflicts can lead to gradual changes in perception about war and its necessity, such as the Wars in Vietnam and Iraq. In my portfolio, I will examine conflict’s ability to accelerate social change through specific engagements, arguing that it can serve as a harsh but necessary tool for societies to advance and to right past wrongs.Item Specificity of the Unlabeled Antibody Hemocyanin Bridge Method to Label Virion And Cell Surface Antigens Using Hyperimmune Serum and Monoclonal Antibodies(1981-05) Gregg, Marybelle; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental ScienceThe unlabeled antibody hemocyanin technique (UAHT) was evaluated for specificity of detection of retrovirus antigens gp70 and p15(E). UAHT used infected cell monolayers incubated stepwise with primary hyperimmune or monoclonal antibodies, secondary bridging antisera, tertiary anti-hemocyanin sera, and hemocyanin (hey) and was amplified by additional anti-hcy sera and hcy incubations. Further, the detection of p15(E) and gp70 by UAHT was compared with the antibody binding (AB) assay. UAHT using hyperimmune sera detected gp70 viral antigens at dilutions >10³ and was increased five-fold with amplification steps. Surprisingly, the detection of these same antigens decreased to <10³ using monoclonal antibodies in place of the hyperimmune serum. The AB assay however detected viral gp70 and p15(E) using monoclonal reagents: 16-11C1, 19-F8 and 19-IIIA2. The only positive UAHT detection of gp70 was with the monoclonal antibody 16-11C1 and 19-F8 for p15(E). The presentation of the antigenic sites may therefore be different in the AB and UAHT assays. Finally, detection of gp70 and p15(E) was determined by the UAHT assay during virus maturation. Hcy labeling was observed in the stages of virus morphogenesis in retrovirus-infected cell monolayers but not in the NSI/1 myeloma parent cell pellets although these cells contained intracisternal type A and extracellular type C viruses.Item DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD TO IDENTIFY CANCER STEM CELLS IN SOLID TUMORS(2007-02) Gignac, Michelle; Hood College Biology; Biomedical and Environmental ScienceRecently, there has been an abundance of research on the presences of stem cells in solid tumors. Cancer stem cells are characterized as those cells capable of regenerating a tumor (1-3). Not all tumor cells have this ability. These cancer stem cells make up only a small fraction of the tumor, but are resistant to chemotherapies and radiation treatments (2). These cells may also lead to metastases to other locations (3). We propose to develop a method to identify the cancer stem cells in solid tumor biopsies. This will enable researchers to study the arrangement of the stem cells within the tumor and their interactions with the surrounding cells. If this method is adapted to the clinical arena, knowing the number of stem cells in a solid tumor could lead to better treatment selections and higher patient survival rates.Item IMAGES OF READING AND INTERPRETATION IN THE DIVINA COMMEDIA(2016-04) Fornwalt, Jessica; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesThis essay looks closely at imagery and allegorical interpretation in the Divina Commedia by Dante Alighieri. Specifically, this paper explores the images of reading within the work and what appears to be Dante's attempt to shape his readers. In this essay, images of reading from all three sections of the Commedia: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. In Inferno, the images of blocked interpretation are discussed. It is in these images where Dante provides his readers with characters who are either unable to reach the allegorical interpretation, and these examples serve to educate the reader of the importance of being able to allegorically interpret images as they read the Commedia. In Purgatorio, the images of the Pilgrim's dreams are analyzed, looking specifically at the increasing capability of allegorical interpretation on the part of the Pilgrim. Finally, in Paradiso, the discussion focuses mainly on the shortcomings of human intellect. Here, examples of the Pilgrim's inability to interpret what he sees without divine intervention and how in retrospect, readers are able to more fully understand the allegory of the Commedia just as the Pilgrim is able to fully understand everything in the moment of his epiphany at the end of the poem.Item Ritualistic Power: Harmony and Renewal in House Made of Dawn and Ceremony(2009-12) Ellis, Dorothy; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesAuthors of the Native American Renaissance, a literary movement beginning in the 1960s, use the tradition of storytelling in a non-traditional way (written, rather than oral) to demonstrate how healing rituals offer a solution to an ailing people, an ailing nation. Authors of this renaissance have moved from depicting the mythic mystical Indian that America idealized to portraying contemporary Native Americans who battle dichotomies such as modernization versus tradition and assimilation versus loyalty. While reservation life is often hard and assimilation into the mainstream culture offers escape, abandoning traditions often proves detrimental to the Native American culture and to the psyche of the individual. Contemporary authors' works offer another solution: not a complete dismissal or conversion, but rather an evolution within tradition. N. Scott Momaday, in House Made of Dawn, and Leslie Marmon Silko, in Ceremony, both create characters with damaged psyches as a result of failed attempts at escape. These characters experience healing by reconnecting with cultural traditions and rituals, specifically, with a contemporary version of the Navajo Night Chant. In my capstone, I will summarize and interpret the ancient version of the Navajo Night Chant whose power I suggest lies chiefly within the words; draw parallels between the key elements of the ancient and the modernized versions offered by Momaday and Silko; and examine the dynamics presented by the emerging hybrid Native American in search of the balance and harmony that the Night Chant offers. First, I will illustrate that the rituals of the Navajo are already hybrid as the ceremonies combine spiritual and ceremonial aspects from the Pueblo and the Navajo prior to the "great Pueblo revolt against the Spaniards at the end of the seventeenth century" (Hultkrantz 126). Rituals are subject to change with the impact of modernization. I will be utilizing John Bierhorst and Washington Matthews to outline the details of the ancient Navajo Healing ceremony and Gary Witherspoon and others to explore the importance of words in the ceremony. In The Night Chant, A Navajo Ceremony, Matthews details the ceremony from his observations in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. Then John Bierhorst used Matthew's detailed work as a resource in his compilation, Four Masterworks of American Indian Literature, where he combines a basic outline of the Night Chant with commentary and interpretation that point to the true power of the ceremony: words. As Witherspoon notes in Navajo and Art in the Navajo Universe, "Navajo philosophy assumes that mental and physical phenomena are inseparable, and that thought and speech can have a powerful impact on the world of matter and energy... Ritual language does not describe how things are; it determines how they will be. Ritual language is not impotent; it is powerful. It commands, compels, organizes, transforms, and restores" (Witherspoon 9, 34). Rituals enable a journey. Second, I will examine the way in which Momaday and Silko integrate into their novels the transformed versions of the Navajo Night Chant to address issues faced by modern Native Americans on a journey toward balance and harmony. I will explore the impact of the words in the Night Chant that alter the path of Abel's and Tayo's journeys from ones wrought with turmoil, struggle, and isolation to ones that embrace peace, harmony, and community. Momaday speaks to the power of words in Native American tradition in The Man of Words, "Words are intrinsically powerful. Words are magical. By means of words can one bring about physical change in the universe" (16). Momaday's and Silko's respective protagonists, Abel and Tayo, are riddled with a pain that encompasses hybrid ancestry, disconnectedness with the community, an inability to participate in positive traditions, and post war trauma. They are searching for relief with behaviors that beget negative consequences, until they begin a healing process through the Night Chant. Finally, I will explore the impact of the emerging hybrid Native American on reviving, maintaining, and/or affecting tradition. I will synthesize the opinions of several sociologists on the emerging hybrid identity to support the theory that those Indians receptive to change will bring revival, with adaptations, to the culture and will enable the core of the old traditions to survive in an ever changing, progressive world.Item THE USE OF RACIST AND NATIVIST ARGUMENTS IN THE WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT: 1890-1920(2009-12) Ehrlich, Kate Aileen; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesThis paper explores the evolution and significance of racist and nativist arguments throughout the women's suffrage movement. Particular focus is given to the period between 1890 and 1920, when the movement gained momentum following the creation of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and the formation of an active women's rights movement in the South. It is the actions of suffrage leaders, pertaining to their use of racist and nativist arguments, and the motivations behind the adoption and widespread use of these arguments within the context of American politics which is of primary concern.Item LEOPOLD BLOOM, EVERYMAN AND NOMAN: THE SIMULTANEOUS EBB AND FLOW OF CONSCIOUSNESS, TIME, AND NARRATIVE STRUCTURE IN JAMES JOYCE'S ULYSSES(2013-04) Eason, Megan; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesJames Joyce's Ulysses contains many radical and challenging narrative structures that change from episode to episode, constructed by an amorphous narrative presence called the arranger. Though the novel relies on Homer's Odyssey for its skeletal structure, the changing narrative styles provide the true journey for the reader. Thinkers such as Henri Bergson applied philosophy to the problems of identity and disillusionment faced by their modernist contemporaries. He created a theory about achieving wholeness of identity secularly and authentically. Bergson called this process duration, an ideal unity in a person's identity that implies simultaneous blending knowledge of one's unconscious, memories, and new perceptions. In these terms identity is not fixed, but is an everchanging river of permutations as new experiences merge with conscious and unconscious memories. This paper explores the interaction between these philosophic concepts and the changing narrative styles on the character development of Leopold Bloom, creating a space for him to achieve pure duration. First, this paper examines the "Circe" episode and how it delves into Bloom's unconscious, analyzing the importance of repressed memories and archetypes on identity forming. Next, this paper examines the "Eumaeus" episode and how Bloom's consciousness blends with a narrative collective consciousness and how he experiences irruptions from his unconscious. Lastly, this paper explores the narrative style of catechism in the "Ithaca" episode with Bloom's continued journey of self-discovery. Most importantly, this paper argues that Bloom achieves pure duration at the end of "Ithaca," reaching a greater understanding of himself and humanity through the narrative spaces provided by the arranger.Item THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AESTHETICS AND FUNCTION IN JAPANESE RITUAL DRINKING VESSELS(2008-05) Dirks, Melissa; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesThis paper will explore the relationship between function and aesthetics in ceramic drinking vessels used in the Japanese tea ritual. My primary focus will be on Japanese tea bowls from the 11th century to the 17th century. I will follow the sequence and evolution of tea drinking in Japan from aristocratic to religious to modern popular consumption. I will also consider the implications of those developments, especially the interplay of function and design over time. From its inception, the tea ceremony was intertwined with aspects of aesthetics, medicine, religion and social order. During the 5th century A.D., tea drinking vessels were used by the upper classes of Japanese society for formal tea competitions. By the 11th century, the tea drinking ceremony had developed into an ostentatious display of wealth and power. The event gradually transformed from a class-based ceremony to a religious ritual. Some of the first official tea masters were Zen Buddhist monks. By the 15th century, even lay tea masters conducted ceremonies that had spiritual attributes. For several centuries the partaking of tea was reserved for special ceremonies. Over time, the drinking of tea has become a ritual accessible to people of all levels of society in daily life. In modern Japan, tea is a symbol of national identity. Leaders, including all Prime Ministers, are photographed participating in the tea ceremony. Every visiting head of state is entertained with a tea ritual. According to tea scholar Jennifer Anderson, "Tea is a special area of culture set aside as sacred and precious. Many Japanese seem to feel that individual experience with tea is irrelevant as long as the institution is available to symbolize Japanese values and aesthetic sensitivity."¹ No other ritual is as important to the cultural identity of the country. As the tea ceremony developed the style of utensils employed evolved. The one utensil that altered the most dramatically, with the change in styles of tea, was the tea bowl. Three main tea styles will be examined: warrior tea, merchant tea and wabi tea. I will investigate the influence of individual tea practitioners, from each style, on the design of tea bowls used in their ceremonies. My analysis will cover the changes in tea bowl designs that led to the dominant style being used in today's ceremonies. ¹ Jennifer L. Anderson. An Introduction to Japanese Tea Ritual. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), 220.Item PHILANTHROPY AS AN EXPRESSION OF FEMINISM: ALIGNING A TRADTIONALLY MASCULINE CONCEPT WITH A DECIDEDLY FEMINIST IDEAL(2010-05) Diehl, Betsy Duncan; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesOn the surface, philanthropy and feminism do not necessarily seem to be compatible. Philanthropy is often viewed as an elitist, masculine pursuit, thanks in part to Industrial Age philanthropists such as Rockefeller and Carnegie who added a capitalistic and patriarchal flavor to the concept in the early twentieth century that lingers to this day. Feminism, by contrast, may seem at odds with a potentially oppressive social construction that appears to be the manifestation of possessing money and power. However, extensive research and investigation into both philanthropy and feminism reveals a provocative truth: that philanthropy and feminism are not only aligned, but also that philanthropy, in its purest form, may in fact be considered a powerful expression of feminism. This paper, through an in-depth analysis of philanthropy and feminism that eradicates the stereotypes associated with each, exposes some fundamental congruencies between the two and demonstrates that philanthropy can and does express feminist ideals. A case study featuring one of the largest philanthropic foundations in the world, the Ford Foundation, supports this theory and reveals some significant, and perhaps surprising, truths about conducting philanthropy with a feminist consciousness. This paper illuminates the fact that understanding philanthropy as a vehicle for expressing feminist objectives has important implications for fundraisers who seek to attract female donors to their causes and for women who seek to have increased influence on the areas of society that are touched and shaped by philanthropy.Item LA NOVELA NEGRA EN LA LITERATURA ESPANOLA MODERNA Y POST-MODERNA(2009-05) Cordova, Laura; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesItem ROSIE THE RIVETER: A MISREPRESENTATION OF THE EXPERIENCE OF WORKING WOMEN DURING WORLD WAR II(2009-12) Colwell, Tess; Hood College Arts and Humanities; HumanitiesWorld War II opened employment doors for many women who otherwise would not have had the opportunity. The images of Rosie the Riveter have become the visual representation of this labor shift. Rosie evolved into a cultural and feminist icon. Yet much of what Rosie represents today is not an accurate portrayal of the experiences of working women at the time. Not all women were young, beautiful and housewives- turned-laborers as the images portrayed. Many female workers were working class, minority, and had already been in the labor force for some time. Rosie the Riveter represents feminism today, but at the time her creation represented nationalism. The postwar view of women reverted to pre-war standards; women returned to their homes as wives and mothers. Though change was not outwardly apparent at the war's end, women who entered the labor force during the war planted the seeds that bloomed into the woman's movement of the late 1960s and 1970s. To view Rosie as a feminist is to view the real working women during WWII out of historical and cultural contexts.