Stochastic Precipitation Generation for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed using Hidden Markov Models with Variational Bayes Parameter Estimation
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2022-10-09
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Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Abstract
Stochastic precipitation generators (SPGs) are a class of statistical models which generate synthetic data that can simulate dry and wet rainfall stretches for long durations. Generated precipitation time series data are used in climate projections,
impact assessment of extreme weather events, and water resource and agricultural
management. We construct an SPG for daily precipitation data that is specified as a
semi-continuous distribution at every location, with a point mass at zero for no precipitation and a mixture of two exponential distributions for positive precipitation.
Our generators are obtained as hidden Markov models (HMMs) where the underlying climate conditions form the states. We fit a 3-state HMM to daily precipitation
data for the Chesapeake Bay watershed in the Eastern coast of the USA for the wet
season months of July to September from 2000–2019. Data is obtained from the GPMIMERG remote sensing dataset, and existing work on variational HMMs is extended
to incorporate semi-continuous emission distributions. In light of the high spatial
dimension of the data, a stochastic optimization implementation allows for computational speedup. The most likely sequence of underlying states is estimated using
the Viterbi algorithm, and we are able to identify differences in the weather regimes
associated with the states of the proposed model. Synthetic data generated from the
HMM can reproduce monthly precipitation statistics as well as spatial dependency
present in the historical GPM-IMERG data.