The Evolution of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels into Agents of Cancer Migration, Proliferation, and Metastasis

Abstract

Since the discovery of the action potential in neurons, voltage-gated ion channels have been declared the principle regulators of membrane potential in excitable cells. Although it holds true that voltage-gated ion channels are crucial to the propagation of the action potential, this distinction often undermines the role of voltage-gated ion channels in all cells, regardless of their excitability. After careful analysis of voltage-gated ion channel presence and function in all three domains of life, particularly the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, an appreciation for the realm Kv functions across many tissues is growing. This paper will highlight the evolution of potassium channels and their divergent functions across multiple cell types and argues for their clinical importance. In addition to covering some well-established roles of Kv channels in nerve, muscle, and pancreatic beta cells, this paper will review the roles of specific Kv channels in cancer cells. These channels will be reviewed for their roles in cell migration, proliferation, and metastasis and may serve as ideal targets for novel cancer therapeutics.