Melanopsin phototransduction: beyond canonical cascades

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dc.contributor.authorContreras, Ely
dc.contributor.authorNobleman, Alexis P.
dc.contributor.authorRobinson, Phyllis
dc.contributor.authorSchmidt, Tiffany M.
dc.date.accessioned2022-01-13T15:33:22Z
dc.date.available2022-01-13T15:33:22Z
dc.date.issued2021-11-29
dc.description.abstractMelanopsin is a visual pigment that is expressed in a small subset of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). It is involved in regulating non-image forming visual behaviors, such as circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex, while also playing a role in many aspects of image-forming vision, such as contrast sensitivity. Melanopsin was initially discovered in the melanophores of the skin of the frog Xenopus, and subsequently found in a subset of ganglion cells in rat, mouse and primate retinas. ipRGCs were initially thought to be a single retinal ganglion cell population, and melanopsin was thought to activate a single, invertebrate-like Gq/transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)- based phototransduction cascade within these cells. However, in the 20 years since the discovery of melanopsin, our knowledge of this visual pigment and ipRGCs has expanded dramatically. Six ipRGC subtypes have now been identified in the mouse, each with unique morphological, physiological and functional properties. Multiple subtypes have also been identified in other species, suggesting that this cell type diversity is a general feature of the ipRGC system. This diversity has led to a renewed interest in melanopsin phototransduction that may not follow the canonical Gq/TRPC cascade in the mouse or in the plethora of other organisms that express the melanopsin photopigment. In this Review, we discuss recent findings and discoveries that have challenged the prevailing view of melanopsin phototransduction as a single pathway that influences solely non-image forming functions.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipWe thank Dr Juan Valdez-Lopez for assistance in modeling the 3-dimensional structure of mouse melanopsin and Dr Marco Gallio for assistance with the graphics. This research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants RO1-EY207202 to P.R., R21GM134406 to P.R., 1DP2EY027983-01 to T.S., and 3DP2EY027983- 01S1 and 5T32HL007909-22 to E.C., and by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (ZIAMH002964). Deposited in PMC for immediate release.en_US
dc.description.urihttps://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/224/23/jeb226522/273562en_US
dc.format.extent14 pagesen_US
dc.genrejournal articlesen_US
dc.identifierdoi:10.13016/m2tyuc-zley
dc.identifier.citationEly Contreras, Alexis P. Nobleman, Phyllis R. Robinson, Tiffany M. Schmidt; Melanopsin phototransduction: beyond canonical cascades. J Exp Biol 1 December 2021; 224 (23): jeb226522. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.226522en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.226522
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11603/23993
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherThe Company of Biologistsen_US
dc.relation.isAvailableAtThe University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)
dc.relation.ispartofUMBC Biological Sciences Department Collection
dc.relation.ispartofUMBC Faculty Collection
dc.relation.ispartofUMBC Student Collection
dc.rightsThis item is likely protected under Title 17 of the U.S. Copyright Law. Unless on a Creative Commons license, for uses protected by Copyright Law, contact the copyright holder or the author.en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)*
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.titleMelanopsin phototransduction: beyond canonical cascadesen_US
dc.typeTexten_US
dcterms.creatorhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-8826en_US

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