UMBC History Department
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Item Impact of increased anthropogenic Amazon wildfires on Antarctic Sea ice melt via albedo reduction(Cambridge University Press, 2025-03-10) Chakraborty, Sudip; Devnath, Maloy Kumar; Jabeli, Atefeh; Kulkarni, Chhaya; Boteju, Gehan; Wang, Jianwu; Janeja, VandanaThis study shows the impact of black carbon (BC) aerosol atmospheric rivers (AAR) on the Antarctic Sea ice retreat. We detect that a higher number of BC AARs arrived in the Antarctic region due to increased anthropogenic wildfire activities in 2019 in the Amazon compared to 2018. Our analyses suggest that the BC AARs led to a reduction in the sea ice albedo, increased the amount of sunlight absorbed at the surface, and a significant reduction of sea ice over the Weddell, Ross Sea (Ross), and Indian Ocean (IO) regions in 2019. The Weddell region experienced the largest amount of sea ice retreat (~ 33,000 km²) during the presence of BC AARs as compared to ~13,000 km² during non-BC days. We used a suite of data science techniques, including random forest, elastic net regression, matrix profile, canonical correlations, and causal discovery analyses, to discover the effects and validate them. Random forest, elastic net regression, and causal discovery analyses show that the shortwave upward radiative flux or the reflected sunlight, temperature, and longwave upward energy from the earth are the most important features that affect sea ice extent. Canonical correlation analysis confirms that aerosol optical depth is negatively correlated with albedo, positively correlated with shortwave energy absorbed at the surface, and negatively correlated with Sea Ice Extent. The relationship is stronger in 2019 than in 2018. This study also employs the matrix profile and convolution operation of the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) to detect anomalous events in sea ice loss. These methods show that a higher amount of anomalous melting events were detected over the Weddell and Ross regions.Item “They Will Live without Law or Religion”: Cádiz, Indigenous People, and Political Change in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1812–1820(Duke University Press, 2021-05-01) Escanilla Huerta, SilviaThis article argues that the impact of the Constitution of Cádiz among Indigenous communities in the Viceroyalty of Peru was significant. In the context of the imperial crisis of the Spanish crown, Indigenous people took the tools that the constitution granted them to increase their level of self-government. Moreover, the changes implemented by the constitution persisted after its abolition, allowing Indigenous people to retain a level of self-government otherwise impossible to conceive after Ferdinand VII restored absolutist rule. In other words, Indigenous communities held on to their jurisdictional authority and refused to surrender the political tools that the constitution had granted them. Their actions demonstrate that the constitution was a watershed moment in the history of the viceroyalty because it inaugurated an era of political change with consequences nobody could predict at the time.Item Support Vector Machine for Predicting Student Dropout Under Different Normalization Methods(IEEE, 2025-01-16) Boteju, Gehan; Tang, Leon; Brown, Michael ScottStudent dropout in universities brings significant challenges that impacts both individual futures and institutional effectiveness. Early prediction of potential dropouts is crucial for timely intervention, but it is complex because of the nature of the problem influenced by diverse socioeconomic factors. This paper utlizies Support Vector Machines (SVMs) to predict student dropout with an emphasis on exploring the efficacy of various data normalization methods to optimize prediction accuracy. Using a dataset from the UC Irvine repository, this study compares 9 different normalization techniques such as Min Max Scaler, Standard Scaler, and Power Transformer, among others, to determine their impact on the predictive performance of SVMs. Results demonstrate substantial variations in model accuracy depending on the normalization method used to show the importance of detailed selection of data preprocessing techniques. The best normalization method was the One Hot Scaler which produced an average F1 score of 0.779. This work enhances the ability to identify at-risk students earlier but also the understanding of how data normalization influences predictive modeling in educational settings.Item Las milicias locales y la bandolerización de la guerra de independencia en el Perú (1820-1822)(Universidad de La Rioja, 2020) Huerta, Silvia EscanillaEn septiembre de 1820 las tropas del ejército libertador desembarcaron en Pisco dando inicio a la ultima fase de la guerra que decidiría la independencia del Perú. Tanto los lideres del ejercito libertador como el virrey Pezuela y sus generales tenían expectativas diferentes sobre como reaccionaría la población de la costa ante la presencia de un ejército extranjero. Lo que nadie esperaba era que los pueblos organizaran milicias en coordinación con los ejércitos regulares, pero también en forma independiente de ellos. En este artículo se exploran tanto estas expectativas como las originales formas de hacer la guerra que eligieron los pueblos y que redefinieron la guerra en este periodo.Item Cartas para la historia: El epistolario de los Carrillo de Albornoz y Bravo de Lagunas, condes de Montemar, en el ocaso del imperio español en América, 1761-1799(Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 2020) Sotomayor, Antonio; Huerta, Silvia EscanillaItem Ni con Lima ni con Madrid. Guerrillas rurales en la guerra de Independencia del Perú(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021-10-26) Huerta, Silvia EscanillaResumen: La historiografía sobre la independencia en el Perú ha estado centrada en determinar si el “pueblo” peruano fue o no protagonista de la guerra y si quiso o no separarse políticamente de la corona española. A pesar de los esfuerzos recientes por trascender posturas dicotómicas, aún escasean los trabajos que analizan por qué la gente decidió participar de la guerra, más allá del bando que eligiera para hacerlo. Este artículo intenta responder esa pregunta analizando los antecedentes de la movilización que precedió a la guerra, así como las características de la organización de guerrillas en el espacio rural peruano durante la misma. La propuesta es analizar la experiencia de la guerra en el nivel local para proponer a las guerrillas como una forma particular de participación política popular, que fue decisiva en la guerra porque puso de manifiesto la emergencia de poderes autónomos en el nivel local y regional.Item Una revolución silenciosa. El impacto de la Constitución de Cádiz en el virreinato del Perú, 1812-1823(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023-06-23) Huerta, Silvia EscanillaResumen: El presente artículo postula que el impacto de la Constitución de Cádiz en los sectores indígenas fue más significativo de lo que la historiografía ha sostenido. En el contexto de la crisis imperial que atravesaba la corona española, los sectores indígenas utilizaron las herramientas legales que la constitución les garantizaba para afirmar un nuevo nivel de autogobierno. Luego de que la constitución fuera abolida, los sectores indígenas se negaron a ceder la autoridad jurisdiccional recientemente obtenida y ejercieron efectivamente la soberanía local. Por ello, implementar la constitución representó una revolución silenciosa que resquebrajó la autoridad real antes que los ejércitos consolidaran la independenciaItem El rol de los sectores indígenas en la independencia del Perú. Bases para una nueva interpretación(CSIC, 2021-04-21) Huerta, Silvia EscanillaThe role of indigenous peoples in the independence process of the viceroyalty of Peru has never been clear. Some historians have claimed indigenous peoples did not play a major role, while others have referred to a staunch patriotism, in which their loyalty to the independence cause was in stark contrast to the hesitation of the elites, throughout the 1808-1824 period. Since indigenous people accounted for the majority of the population and given that they fought as soldiers in the war, I advocate moving beyond dichotomies and analysing their status as key political players of the period. By focusing on the political strategies adopted by indigenous peoples between the beginning of the monarchical crisis of 1808 and the end of the war in 1824, I will argue that indigenous peoples created a new way of doing politics that would define, and far outlast, the war of independence.Item International Adoption Trends From South Korea to America from the 1990s to 2000s(2024-01-01) Beyer, Emily; Oyen, Meredith; History; Historical StudiesLeading up to 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics, Western media revealed just how many Korean children were sent overseas, along with the price point of these children. There has been intensive research that has been done covering these initial adoptees, specifically those adopted from the 1960s-1980s. And, they show that this initial wave of adoption was fueled by the concept of “Christian Americanism.” Although the more recent studies show remnants of these reasons for adoption from Korea, there is many more factors at work. Korean adoption never fully dissolved. International adoption from Korea is still ongoing, but the adoptees, themselves, are often left out of this narrative. They are pushed to the background of this adoption narrative leaving out a vital source of information. With the help of scholars works, adoptee interviews, and academic journals, the purpose of this study was to find a reason for the Korean adoptions heading into the 21st century.Item Disenfranchisement and Democracy in the Old Line State, 1900-1915(2024-01-01) Novick, Matthew Alexander; Scott, Michelle R; History; Historical StudiesThis thesis investigates the complex day-by-day account of the development and resistance towards disenfranchisement measures in early 20th century Maryland. Through primary source newspaper articles published by the Baltimore Sun, the Baltimore Afro-American and others, this study examines the growth of the three disenfranchising amendments in 1905, 1909, and 1911. It also examines Black resistance against voter suppression, the lack of cooperation between Black and White organizations working to combat the amendments, and the ability of White framers to enact limited disenfranchisement at the municipal level. Disenfranchisement in Maryland was not a simple affair with a foregone conclusion of its defeat. Democratic Party framers actively investigated the failure of each disenfranchisement attempt and tailored each subsequent attempt. This required the Black anti-disenfranchisement movement to constantly evolve and develop new means of resistance. Although local disenfranchisement also faced resistance, it was typically only in court after the laws were successfully passed. Local disenfranchisement remained the primary means by which Black Marylanders were disenfranchised from 1900-1915, as municipal measures avoided the visibility and red tape that led to resistance of the state-wide amendments.Item "Turkish for Europe" The West Berlin Turkish Textbook Project and Education for Integration, 1980-1987(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2024) Wyck, Brian VanThis open-access book offers a critical appraisal, at the cross-section of theory and practice, of concepts of integration at work in education in diverse geopolitical settings. With chapters written by experts based in Cyprus, Ethiopia, Germany, Mexico, Pakistan, the UK and the USA, the book includes discussion of regions of conflict, post-conflict and also non-conflict societies in which a cultural hegemony has developed strategies to “integrate” groups perceived as “other”. The book challenges the idea of “integration” in education considering how it relates to inclusion and exclusion and considers the extent to which integration can be empirically studied or evaluated. By accommodating a diversity of voices and perspectives, the structure of this book critically questions the underlying hegemonic Global North-shaped assumptions that have informed the integration debate.Item Trans* & gender identity in the premodern Mediterranean(Springer, 2024-11-14) McDonough, Susan; Armstrong-Partida, MichelleThis paper explores the intersection and imbrication of transness and Mediterraneaness in the premodern period. How did Mediterranean mobility, spaces, and creativity inform and make possible the ‘transing’ of gender? Re-examining previously considered sources with the benefit of recent scholarship on archival silences and trans history, we suggest that Mediterranean culture, migration, local community, and race shaped possibilities for transgender people. Prioritizing the agency of people who lived non-binary and trans lives, we make them legible to a contemporary audience while refraining from imposing our own labels upon them. The messy and contradictory lives of our subjects show the complexity of personhood and identity. We consider unrecorded suffering and reflect on how the physical bodies of those punished for transgressing gender norms were inscribed with meaning that resonated with hegemonic constructions of sexuality and identity. We center the bodies, identities, and experiences of trans people rather than the elite male discourses of a heteronormative society.Item Navigating Heir Disputes over the New American South: Confederate Memorials and Media Framing of Black Mayoral Leadership Against Symbols of White Authoritarianism(MDPI, 2024-11-01) King-Meadows, Tyson; Agarwal, Vishakha; Nalubula, Priscilla NakandiContrary to what other mayors had done to deal with calls to remove Confederate monuments in their cities, the first Black woman mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina appointed a 2020 commission to evaluate and make recommendations for dealing with the monument controversy. As the state’s largest city and “international gateway” to the New South, Charlotte had long wrestled with tensions over cultural memory. Utilizing a mixed methods “embedded design” case study approach, this article examines quantitative and qualitative data, including an analysis of newspaper articles from The Charlotte Observer and The Raleigh News & Observer, to ascertain public reaction to the commission. Results show that media accounts often framed the city’s monument controversy as reflecting the locale’s new sociodemographic reality, a euphemism for lingering conflicts in the jurisdiction over cultural memory, heritage claims, electoral representation, race, and monumentality.Item The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Philadelphia’s African-American and Immigrant Neighborhoods(2024-08-01) Breier, Matthew; Korendiy, Katya; Bonneau, Nicholas; Barnes, David S.Item Catriona Macleod, Alexandra Shephard, Maria Ågren (eds), The Whole Economy, Work and Gender in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023, 230 pp. ISBN 9781009359368(Open Edition Journals, 2024-09-19) Froide, AmyItem Fuzzy Numbers: U.S. Hospital Accounting Since the 1930s(springer, 2024-06-15) Chapin, Christy FordThis chapter argues that U.S. hospitals have used accounting in a distinctive, paradoxical manner to secure generous reimbursements and favorable regulatory terms from third-party financiers, both public and private. By presenting inexact, unreliable cost calculations as “objective” accounting products, hospital leaders could more readily inflate treatment prices, charge patients widely divergent rates, and conceal internal operations from third-party payers seeking data to design efficacious cost containment methods.Item Review of Ottaway, Susannah R., The Decline of Life: Old Age in Eighteenth-Century England(H-Albion, 2005-02) Froide, AmyItem Review of Harris, Barbara J., English Aristocratic Women, 1450-1550: Marriage and Family, Property and Careers(H-Albion, 2003-02) Froide, AmyItem Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century Britain. By Mary Poovey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. x + 511 pp. Bibliography, notes, index. Cloth, 24.00. ISBN: cloth, 978-0-226-67532-9; paper, 978-0-226-67533-6.(Cambridge University Press, 2011-04-14) Froide, Amy