Nonviolent Political Activism for Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa:​ A Narrative Inquiry of Leaders from Cameroon​

Abstract

The fight for social and economic justice has been ongoing in sub-Saharan Africa (Dwyer & Zeilig, 2012; Joseph, 1998). Cameroon achieved independence on January 1, 1960. However, the country continues to be an illiberal democracy with flawed elections, corruption, reduced civil liberties, marginalization of ethnic groups, and inequalities in the distribution of resources (Nsangou, 2022). President Biya has personified the regime since 1982, subverting the democratic process by changing presidential term limits and by changing the constitution through legally dubious amendments (Fokwa, 2020). Activism for social and political change has the power to create movements and momentum to effect substantial policy changes and even overturn authoritarian regimes. Given the social importance of political activism, it is critical to understand what motivates these leaders to engage in it, how they become engaged in it, and their experiences as political activists, fighting for social justice and democratization. Scholars have conducted little analysis to determine why some movements fail and others succeed in repressive regimes. In fact, activism in the context of repressive regimes is less studied (Johnston, 2019) due to repressive practices limiting access to data and eyewitness accounts about nonviolent strategies and tactics. (Bayat, 2013; Fu, 2018, Lee and Zhang, 2013, Johnston, 2005; O’brien & Li, 2006; Stern & Hassid, 2012). The purpose of this study was to understand, through narrative inquiry, the lived experiences of nonviolent political activists from Cameroon. This study, which aimed to throw the spotlight on their narratives of identity, struggles, passion, and strengths, and their emergence as change leaders, reveals a diverse range of stories characterized by resilience, sacrifice, and unwavering commitment to democratization and social justice. Despite the uniqueness of each activist's narrative, the motivation to engage in activism and the determination to fight for justice was a common thread. Central to their strength is collective action, as they draw support and political efficacy from their steadfast beliefs, personal experiences, and the solidarity of their peers and supporters. This study concludes by offering a model of becoming, being, and belonging for transformational leadership of political activists.